Why Do People Talk About Politics On The Internet

Why Do People Talk About Politics on the Internet: Craigslist’s Digital Forum’s My ethnography is focused on the digital community present in the Craigslist politics world forum, where people can create and comment on threads of topics and questions that interested them and other members. My main interest of this ethnography is why members and visitors of the Craigslist politics world forum specifically use this digital community to discuss the upcoming US presidential election when there are many different outlets for this discussion. By actively checking the updating forum and older threads, I hoped to get a better understanding for why the contributors discuss this topic in great lengths. My research questions are as follows, is there anything in peoples responses that indicates why this is their chosen community to discuss the election? What is it about this digital community that attracts such a large and active group of contributors? 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Indigo Jones and the Classical Language of Architecture

Inigo Jones and the Classical Language of Architecture Classical architecture elements can be traced from early Greek and Roman styles. Classici refer to the highest rank of Roman social structure. Classical norms are based on a formal hierarchal system of clarity, symmetry, deceptive simplicity, harmonious proportion and completeness. (Curl, 12) There is a difference seen between the inside and the outside of a building. Classical architecture develops every part individually as these parts become a larger whole. Orders, or columns, play an important role in the development of classical architecture. The parts of the order include a pedestal, but not always, a column and some type of horizontal element above the column.†¦show more content†¦The outside gives the appearance of a multi-story building. Two cherubs support a large shield in the pediment which was intended to contain a coat of arms. (Anderson 157) Ionic and engaged Corinthian orders are used. The orders on the exterior side walls combine flat and rounded columns with a pair of coupled pilasters at the end of each facade. Exterior street faà §ade show the classical element of symmetry matching left to right and right to left. One can view the differences from top to bottom and bottom to top. Lower window tops alternate rounded and pointed where upper windows are all flat topped. Each window and order section is a separate design but is also part of the complete building. The interior of the Banqueting House is not multi-storied but a single double cube room. The space has Ionic orders under and Corinthian orders over a cantilevered gallery. (Summerson 53) The flat ceiling is covered with Ruben panels. The Banqueting House is still in use today for concerts, government function and private parties. Inigo Jones was picked to design a new Chapel at St. James Palace. The Queen’s Chapel is a double cube hall with a coffered ceiling that has an adjoining Queen’s Closet. There is a triple window rising behind the altar. The center rounded window rises higher than the two flanking windows and is topped with carved angels and falling garlands. The Queen’s Closet is a gallery separated from the chapel by Corinthian pilasters andShow MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesdepot. As an old Etonian (the UK’s most elitist private school), a graduate of Oxford University and a former merchant banker, Palumbo was an unlikely entrant into a dance culture that was still raw and far from respectable. He actually preferred classical music. The club’s name, the Ministry of Sound, ironically recalled Palumbo’s father, a former Minister in the Conservative government of the day. Yet within just 10 years, Palumbo built the Ministry of Sound into a music and media empire worth nearly

Single Lessee Accounting Model †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Single Lessee Accounting Model. Answer: Introduction IFRS 16 is an International Financial Reporting Standard, developed by IASB (International Accounting Standard Board). This standard provide the guidelines for the lease accounting. The main motive of the standard is to report that data which shows the accurate information about the lease transactions ("IFRS", 2017). It introduces a single lessee accounting model and requires that all the leases should be reported on the balance sheet and the lessee has to recognize all the assets and liabilities for almost all leases with a period of more than 12 months. Once applicable, it will replace IAS 17 ("IFRS 16 Leases", 2017). Great Eastern Holdings Ltd. was founded in 1908, is a life insurance group in Singapore and Malaysia. It is the oldest insurance company in Asia listed on Singapore Exchange. It provides services like banking, insurance and asset management. The mission of the company is to provide financial security to its clients ("Great Eastern", 2017). This report is about the requirements of the new lease standard for the lessee and lessor. It also explains the effects of IFRS 16 on the Great Eastern Ltd. IFRS 16 and its Requirements The new standard for lease was published by IASB in January 2016 and will come in effect from January 1, 2019. It defines the principles for the measurement and disclosure of the leases. The companies who have applied for IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers can choose to apply for IFRS 16 before its effective date. The main objective of IASB to introduce this new standard, is to improve the financial reporting of lease. Under IFRS 16, a leases is defined as a contract that provides right to the customer (lessee) to use an asset for a particular period of time in exchange of some consideration. The requirements of the definition of lease has also changed from those in IAS 17. The new standard brings a significant change in the approach and will effect several industries. The enterprises which will be mainly affected by IFRS 16 are retail and consumer, telecommunications, banking and financial institutions, metals and mining, oil and gas and insurance entities. Once the new s tandard became effective, it will replace the old standard of lease that is IAS 17. It will eliminate the classification of leases as financial lease and operating lease and all of them are treated in a similar way ("IFRS 16 Leases | Deloitte UK", 2017). As the new standard provide a single lessee accounting model, the lessee is required to: Recognize assets and liabilities of most of the leases with a time period of more than 12 months. The exemption is provided for assets having low value. Separation of the depreciation charged on lease assets from the interest on lease liabilities. Previously, according to the IAS 17, the focus was mainly on identifying the finance lease that is required to be reported in the balance sheet. The lease which is economically similar to the purchasing of a leased asset is considered to be finance lease. All the other leases were termed as operating leases and were not required to be shown on balance sheet. They were known as off balance sheet leases. Now, as per IFRS 16, lessees are require to report all the leases on their balance sheet, irrespective of the industry in which the entity works. The whole accounting treatment of leases done by lessees will change fundamentally. It will completely remove the current dual accounting model which distinguishes between the on balance sheet leases and off balance sheet leases. Another requirement for the lessee is to separate lease components and the non-lease components of their contracts. After identifying the components, they are require to provide consideration for each component. Lessees who do not make an accounting policy election are required to allocate the consideration to the separated components on the basis of standalone selling price ("IFRS 16: The leases standard is changing", 2016). The requirements for the lessor, stated under IFRS 16 are same as to IAS 17. The classification of leases is done in the similar way that is operating and finance leases by the lessor in order to report them differently. The requirements of lessor accounting are not fundamentally changed like those of lessee accounting. Changes in accounting environment Implementation of IFRS 16 has brought number of changes in the accounting environment of leases. It brings dramatic changes in the balance sheet of lessees, whereas lessor accounting is slightly changed. According to the new standard, lessee are required to do the initial recognition of the lease liability for which the lease payment has to be made. They are also required to recognize the right-of-use asset to use the underlying asset for the lease. After recognition, the lease liability and right-of-use asset are being measured. A lessee measures the liability of lease at the present value of future lease payments. The payments include, fixed, non-cancellable payments, variable lease payments, residual value guarantees, the price of a purchase option which is to be exercised by lessee and penalties for termination options. The measurement of right-of-use asset is based on the amount of lease liability, with the adjustments for the prepayments, lease incentives received and initial direct cost incurred ("IFRS 16 LEASES FACT SHEET", 2017). While doing the subsequent measurement, the lessee accounted the lease liability like a financial liability through the use of effective interest method. The accounting for right-of-use asset is done similarly to the accounting of a purchased asset and it is depreciated as per the requirements of depreciation of IAS 16. After doing the recognition and measurement, the lease liability and asset is presented in the financial statement of lessee. The right-of-use assets are either shown separately in the balance sheet or are disclosed in the notes and the similar presentation of the lease liabilities is done. Expenses related to depreciation and interest are shown separately in the income statement. Payments of lease liabilities are presented in financing activities in cash flow statement and interest payments are presented on the basis of accounting policy election in compliance with IAS 7. The accounting of lessor is not changed under the new standard. It remains the same from current accounting in IAS 17. Lessors classify all the leases as per the classification mentioned in IAS 17 and categorize the leases in operating and finance leases. In operating lease, the lessor continues to recognize underlying asset and for finance lease, lessor derecognize the underlying asset and recognize a finance lease receivable according todays requirements (2016). At time of subsequent measurements: Operating lease: lessor measure the income from lease on straight-line basis or on another basis which shows a reduced benefit derived from the use of underlying asset. Finance lease: for the accumulation of the net investment in lease, lessor measures the interest income and reduce that investment for the received payments. Effects on financial statements Implementation of IFRS 16 will majorly affect the balance sheet and income statement of the lessee. As per the requirements of the new standard, lessee have to show all the liabilities and the supported assets related to operating leases on-the balance sheet except from those leases which are for the period of less than 12 months and the lease assets are of low value. As a result, there will be a significant increase in the assets and liabilities of the lessee company which will eventually reduce its equity. On the top of that, the companys income statement will show an interest expense and a depreciation charge on the lease assets in place of annual rental cost. All this will lead to an increase in the earnings before income, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) and earnings before income and tax (EBIT) of the company as compare to the previous standard IAS 17 accounting. The interest expense calculated will be higher at the beginning of the lease contract and will decline la ter on as and when payments are made and the depreciation is charged on straight line basis. This reflects a profile of front loaded cost, which means that there should be little or no impact on the profit during the life of an individual lease. Like IAS 17, the profit will remain stable under IFRS 16 ("Ex ante Impact Assessment of IFRS 16", 2017). The new standard will also affect the cash flow statement of the company. As such the cash outflow will have no impact, but the structure of cash flow statement changes. The net cash flow generated from financing activities decreases and with the same amount the cash flow from operating activities increases. The below table shows the changes in EBITDA, EBIT and in the profit margin of the different industries sector, after the implementation of IFRS 16. Hypothetical values are been taken to show the comparison between the reporting under IAS 17 and IFRS 16. As it can be seen that the sectors which are highly affected by the new standard a re Airlines, Retail and travel and leisure sectors. While other sectors like healthcare, information technology are slightly affected (Lavi, 2016). The key financial ratios and performance metrics will also have impact of IFRS 16. Ratios like gearing, asset turnover, interest coverage, EPS, ROE, ROCE, current ratio, operating profit and operating cash flows are affected. Performance metrics like EBIT, EBITDA, will increase without any changes in the underlying cash flows. Overall, the financial statements of the entities working in different industries will be majorly affected by the adoption of the new lease standard IFRS 16. Effects on Great Eastern Holdings Ltd. The new lease standard IFRS 16 has affected many companies working in different industry sectors. The majorly affected are airline industry, retail sector, telecommunication, banking and other financial institutes, oil and gas. While other companies like insurance and health care have a minor impact on their financial statements. As it is already discussed that the accounting for operating lease has been changed under IFRS 16 for the lessee, so the companies who takes assets on the basis of operating lease has to make major changes in its final accounts. As far as Great Eastern Holdings ltd. Is concerned, it is an insurance company operating in Singapore and Malaysia. The company provides services like banking and insurance to its customers. For preparing its financial statements, the company follow the guidelines and the provisions of Singapore Financial Reporting System. The accounting of leases is done under FRS 116, whose provisions are same as IAS 17. The policy adopted by the company regarding leases is, as a lessor, the accounting of rental income derived from operating leases is done on straight line basis and as a lessee, the lease payments are been reported as an expense in the income statement on straight line basis. If the company adopts IFRS 16, it will have to prepare its final accounts according to the provisions under the new lease standard. Being a lessor, the company may follow the concepts of IAS 17 for doing the lease accounting. But when working as a lessee, it has to make certain changes in its financial reporti ng. As it can be seen above that, when the company entered into operating lease agreement for commercial property, it has a total of $73.1 million lease payment under non-cancellable operating leases in the year 2016. When it entered in the lease agreement for computer equipment, it has $21.5 million payments payable under non- cancellable operating leases. Both the values are not reported in the balance sheet of the company as liabilities and are shown in notes to accounts ("Annual Reports", 2016). As per the requirements of IFRS 16, the lessee has to show all the leases and their supported assets in the balance sheet as financial lease. This means the operating leases which is shown in balance sheet will be changed and the liability of $73.1 million and $21.5 million has to be recognized on the balance sheet. All the off balance sheet items will be eliminated and the operating expenses will be replaced with finance cost in profit and loss account. Adoption of new lease standard can als o affect capital adequacy. Covenants, credit ratings and borrowing costs. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that the IFRS 16 has laid the new requirements which will change the procedure of accounting for leases, especially for operating leases. It will remove the classification of operating and finance lease and would provide a single accounting model. The report explains that the lessee companies will be majorly affected by the implementation of IFRS 16 as they have to change their policies regarding the accounting of leases. Overall, the new lease standard will replace the IAS 17 and will provide accurate information about the leases. References IFRS 16 Leases. (2017).Iasplus.com. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ifrs/ifrs-16 (2016).KPMG. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://www.in.kpmg.com/ifrs/files/first-impressions-leases-IFRS16.pdf Annual Reports. (2016).Great Eastern, Singapore. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.greateasternlife.com/sg/en/about-us/investor-relations/annual-reports.html Ex ante Impact Assessment of IFRS 16. (2017).Efrag.org. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.efrag.org/Assets/Download?Asseturl=%2Fsites%2Fwebpublishing%2fsiteassets%2FIFRS%252016%2520-%2520Europe%2520Economics%2520-%2520Ex%2520ante%2520Impact%2520Assessment%2520%2822%2520February%25202017%29.pdfaspxautodetectcookiesupport=1 Great Eastern. (2017).Great Eastern, Singapore. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.greateasternlife.com/sg/en/about-us.html IFRS 16 Leases | Deloitte UK. (2017).Deloitte United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/audit/articles/ifrs-16-leases.html IFRS 16 LEASES FACT SHEET. (2017).Cpaaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/~/media/corporate/allfiles/document/professional-resources/reporting/factsheet-ifrs16-leases IFRS 16 Leases Road map. (2016).Ey.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-leases-a-summary-of-ifrs-16/$FILE/ey-leases-a-summary-of-ifrs-16.pdf IFRS 16 Leases. (2016).Ifrs.org. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.ifrs.org/-/media/project/leases/ifrs/published-documents/ifrs16-effects-analysis.pdf IFRS 16: The leases standard is changing. (2016).Pwc.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/audit-assurance/assets/ifrs-16-new-leases.pdf IFRS. (2017).Ifrs.org. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ifrs-16-leases/ Lavi, M. R. (2016).The impact of IFRS on industry. John Wiley Sons. Morales-Daz, J., Zamora-Ramrez, C. (2017). Effects of IFRS 16 on Key Financial Ratios: A New Methological Approach. Singer, R., Pfaff, A., Winiarski, H., Winiarski, M. (2017).Accounting for Leases under the New Standard, Part 1 - The CPA Journal.The CPA Journal. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://www.cpajournal.com/2017/08/23/accounting-leases-new-standard-part-1/

Compettive Analysis Costco Wholesale Company free essay sample

It has undergone expansion and is now represented in many countries around the world. Limited product offerings (usually only 10% of typical retail establishments) create a â€Å"treasure hunt† atmosphere for Costco customers. Costco members are very loyal, with renewal rates consistently between 85 and 90 percent. Weaknesses Its limited range of products in stores may not allow it much flexibility compared to competitors that are less specialized. Costco’s â€Å"discount† business plan is typically immune to economic downturn, however, an extended recession or the rising value of the dollar may pinch margins. Opportunities Expanding product offering in individual stores may provide greater prospects. Costco should also enter new domestic markets and international markets. Costco should also enter unexploited markets such as automobiles, entertainment, or furniture. Threats Costco Wholesale Co. is under the threat of worldwide competition from other stores, including up-and-coming or unknown retail concepts. Other threats include inflation and the general slow-down of the world economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Compettive Analysis Costco Wholesale Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cross-implication matrix for Costco Wholesale Company |Strength |Weaknesses | |Opportunities |Enter unexploited markets |More focus on particular products | |Threats |Make use of economies of scale |Maintain high value products | Competitors Brand Competitors: Wal-Mart (Sams Club), BJ’s Wholesale Club Industry Competitors: Wal-Mart, Kroger, Supervalu Form competitors: Safeway, Target Generic competitors: Best Buy, local grocery/market, Chevron SWOT Analysis of Sam’s Club/Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Sam’s Club is the membership warehouse outlet of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer, with nearly $400 billion in sales in the fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 2007. The company employs more than 2 million associates worldwide through more than 7,400 stores around the world. (www. finance. yahoo. com) Strengths Wal-Mart is the most powerful retail brand. It has a reputation for value, convenience and a wide range of products all in one store. Wal-Mart has grown substantially in recent years and has experienced global expansion (for example, its purchase of the United Kingdom based retailer ASDA). The company’s key to success is its use of information technology to support its international logistics system. For example, on-demand reports are available to track the performance of individual products world-wide, store-by-store at a glance. IT also supports Wal-Marts efficient procurement system. A focused strategy is in place for human resource management and development. People are key to Wal-Marts business and it invests time and money in training people, and retaining a developing them. Weaknesses Wal-Mart is the worlds largest grocery retailer and control of its empire, despite its IT advantages, could leave it weak in some areas due to the huge span of control. Since Wal-Mart sells products across many sectors (such as clothing, food, or household items), it may not have the flexibility of some of its more focused competitors. Wal-Mart is a global brand; however, its presence is limited to a few countries world wide. Opportunities The most significant opportunity for Wal-Mart is to acquire, merge with, or form strategic alliances with other global retailers, focusing on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region. Global expansion has been limited in size and success. There are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets, such as China and India. Previous attempts by Wal-Mart were independent of existing retailers, so joint efforts may provide greater opportunity for success. In addition, new locations and store types offer Wal-Mart opportunities to exploit market development.

Homework Assignment For Residential Administrator Certificate Essays

Homework assignment for Residential Administrator Certificate Difficult Person : Resident Service Director, R.N. Problem Behavior : Needs to be like rather than be respected as a supervisor Avoids Conflict at all cost Soft on discipline, ignores behaviors of subordinate or waits for things to change on their own. I thought I would never say this about anybody , but she is to nice. Muriel Solomon, author of Working with Difficult People , wrote that surprisingly enough, discourteous attitude of employees is sometimes triggered by a supervisor who are too good to be true . Supervisors who go out of their way to be nice and considerate. Supervisors who are careful to let their subordinates solve their own problems. Workers who are looking for more direction from above and not getting it , may constantly feel they are in a state of crisis. They need clear division of who's doing what steps in the operation. When their bosses are ?so nice? subordinates have a hard time complaining to them, their frustration may manifest itself by workers being snippy, or defiant or needling. This is happening at Washington Manor. We have staff meeting after staff meeting on how staff are to talk to each other without lasting change , I have personally experienced the downside of this person trying to be so nice. I feel I do not get honest feedback from this person when I am asking her to be honest. In her attempt to be so nice , she has undermined my attempts to discipline employees . As Resident Service Director, she does all phases of her job professionally and competently except the supervision of Direct Care Staff . By avoiding conflict and agreeing with or go along with all employees who come to her , she has managed to undermine her authority. She often tells employees what she thinks they want to hear . This behavior has caused conflict among the staff. She has said one thing to one employee and something clearly opposite to another . This has caused a rift between staff and they think that her words can not be trusted. Her behavior has effected me in a different way . I had taken disciplinary action towards our evening supervisor. I discussed this with her , we were in agreement and she supported this action. Until the evening supervisor went to her complaining of this action . She came to my office with him to present his feelings of being singled out. ( He was the only one who was exhibiting the behavior that needed disciplinary action , so I guess he was singled out?!?) I thought I was being ganged up on and unsupported by her . I looked like the bad guy. She tells me she is playing good cop , bad cop . Unfortunately, this kind of behavior on her part has caused employees to know how to get the answer they want. It's like if I don't like what Dad said I'll go to Mom . This has happened on more than one occasion . The staff know that if they do not like what I say , they will go to her for the answer they wanted . Sometimes they have gone to her instead of me because they knew what my answer would be , ( policy ) and knew they could get a different answer from her . The cost to our program is lack of consistency . Staff members are frustrated and fighting . With soft discipline or no discipline at all , an unpleasant environment to work in has been created . Some staff members think that it doesn't matter , they see their coworkers not doing their jobs and getting away with it . They think , why am I working so hard , nobody cares anyway . The morale is low . At the worst ,we are losing some of our best employees, at the least , our good employees are developing unproductive attitudes . This will have a grave effect on the quality of care we provide . ` In order to change / work on this , we will get together to discuss this problem . We need to go

Understanding Usage of Generic Types in Delphi

Understanding Usage of Generic Types in Delphi Generics, a powerful addition to Delphi, were introduced in Delphi 2009 as a new language feature. Generics or generic types (also know as parametrized types), allow you to define classes that dont specifically define the type of certain data members. As an example, instead of using the TObjectList type to have a list of any object types, from Delphi 2009, the Generics. Collections unit defines a more strongly typed TObjectList. Heres a list of articles explaining generic types in Delphi with usage examples: What and Why and How on Generics in Delphi Generics with Delphi 2009 Win32 Generics are sometimes called generic parameters, a name which allows to introduce them somewhat better. Unlike a function parameter (argument), which has a value, a generic parameter is a type. And it parameterizes a class, an interface, a record, or, less frequently, a method ... With, as a bonus, anonymous routines and routine references Delphi Generics Tutorial Delphi tList, tStringList, tObjectlist or tCollection can be used to build specialized containers, but require typecasting. With Generics, casting is avoided and the compiler can spot type errors sooner. Using Generics in Delphi Once you’ve written a class using generic type parameters (generics), you can use that class with any type and the type you choose to use with any given use of that class replaces the generic types you used when you created the class. Generic Interfaces in Delphi Most of the examples I’ve seen of Generics in Delphi use classes containing a generic type. However, while working on a personal project, I decided I wanted an Interface containing a generic type. Simple Generics Type Example Heres how to define a simple generic class: typeTGenericContainerT classValue : T;end; With the following definition, heres how to use an integer and string generic container: vargenericInt : TGenericContainerinteger;genericStr : TGenericContainerstring;begingenericInt : TGenericContainerinteger.Create;genericInt.Value : 2009; //only integersgenericInt.Free;genericStr : TGenericContainerstring.Create;genericStr.Value : Delphi Generics; //only stringsgenericStr.Free;end; The above example only scratches the surface of using Generics in Delphi (does not explain anything though - but above articles have it all you want to know!). For me, generics were the reason to move from Delphi 7 / 2007 to Delphi 2009 (and newer).

Capstone Experience (External Environmental Scan) Project step2 2 Assignment

Capstone Experience (External Environmental Scan) Project step2 2 - Assignment Example With the high accessibility of advanced generation offices, new participants could easily begin assembling and promoting computerized items. With the ascent of technology, option choices for gadgets and comparative items are truly accessible. Computerized camera and different items are no exemptions. At present, phones are made with Polaroid gimmicks, permitting purchasers to utilize the telephone for calling or sending quick messages, as well as in catching and putting away pictures. Other feature camcorders have Polaroid offers too; in this manner, a few customers would like to yet a thing where all peculiarities are now incorporated (Armstrong,2006). Web camera are additionally elective items for advanced camera. Furthermore, some of these option items are less lavish and more useful as contrasted with purchasing an advanced Polaroid alone. Purchasers are the individuals who make a request in an industry. Purchasers are additionally the individuals who contend with the supplying business by bartering down costs and powers higher quality. Clients have admittance to numerous plan B for AV gear and items, along these lines, the clients have more prominent control over which thing to buy. The high intensity inside the business permitted buyers to have entry to various alternatives, from brands to sorts and costs of items. Suppliers are the organizations that supply materials & different items into the business. The expense of things purchased from suppliers (e.g. crude materials, segments) can have a huge effect on the organizations benefit. In the event that suppliers have high haggling control over the organization, then in principle the organizations business is less alluring. For this electronic industry, suppliers push control in the business by debilitating to climb in costs or diminishing its quality and besides compelling suppliers can crush industry benefit if the organization is not able to recoup the expense expands. The

Leibniz's Conception of Substance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leibniz's Conception of Substance - Essay Example Such full understand is beyond the grasp of our finite minds, but is not beyond the grasp of God Any object in the universe is connected in some way or another. Every substance is like an entire world and like a mirror of God, or indeed of the whole world which it portrays, each one in its own fashion. Each substance reflects all the others. No substance can really cause any change in any other. What happens to be causal interaction among substances is really a "pre-established harmony" among them, reflecting the fact that God created each one with an eye to all the rest. The identity of indiscernibles - of all the harmoniously evolving substances in the universe, no two are alike in every respect. If any two were completely alike, they would be one substance rather than two. The mere possibility of these other worlds defeats the implication that whatever happens in our world is necessary. Leibniz's view rule out human freedom. God has decreed that "the will shall always seek the apparent good in certain particular respects. He, without at all necessitating our choice, determines it by that which appears most desirable". Whatever we do stems from our own will, and is done in pursuit of our vision of the good. Hence, anything we do is our own responsibility. God inclines our soul without necessitating them. Leibniz was dissatisfied with the way Descartes and Spin... To say, as Descartes did, that there are two independent substances - thought and extension - was to produce the impossible dilemma of trying to explain how those two substances interact as body and mind either in human beings or in God. Spinoza had tried to solve the dilemma by saying that there is only one substance with two knowable attributes, though and extension. But to reduce all reality to a single substance was to lose the distinction between the various elements in nature. To be sure, Spinoza spoke of the world as consisting of many modes in which the attributes of thought and expression appear. Still, Spinoza's monism was a pantheism in which God was everything and everything was [art of everything else. To Leibniz, this conception of substance was inadequate because it blurred the distinctions among God, humans, and nature each of which Leibniz wanted to keep separate. Paradoxically, Leibniz accepted Spinoza's single-substance theory and his mechanical model of the universe. However, he presented such a unique theory of this one substance that he was able to speak of the individuality of persons, the transcendence of God, and the reality of purpose and freedom in the universe. Extension versus Force. Leibniz challenged the fundamental assumption upon which both Descartes and Spinoza had built their theory of substance, namely, extension implies three-dimensional size and shape. Descartes assumed that extension refers to material substance that is extended in space and is not divisible into something more primary. Spinoza, too, considered extension as an irreducible material attribute of God and Nature. Leibniz disagreed. Observing that the bodies or things we see with our senses are divisible into

Human biology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human biology - Assignment Example The normal level of glucose in the blood is about 90 mg per 100 cm3 (Taylor, Green, & Stout, 1984). To have a very low level of glucose (hypoglycemia) or a very high level (hyperglycemia) are, both, serious problems disturbing the osmotic equilibrium of the body. Pancreas is the regulatory organ which helps control glucose levels. It has glucose receptor cells which measure the concentration of glucose in the blood stream together with endocrine cells called the islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon or insulin depending on which is needed by the body at that particular time. When a person eats a meal, the glucose level in the blood stream tends to rise. This is detected by the pancreas. Consequently, the -Cells in the Islets of Langerhans release the hormone: insulin. The hormone enters the blood stream and its target organs are mainly liver and muscles. The respiration rate is increased (break down of glucose to release carbon dioxide and water). Moreover, it is converted into storage forms i.e. glycogen and fats. Hence, this causes the glucose level to fall. On the other hand, during fasting or starvation, the glucose level is decreased. Detected by the pancreas (-cells), the hypothalamus in brain and adrenal glands (adrenal medulla), hormones like glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol and thyroxin are produced that hasten the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Furthermore, proteins in the body are converted to glucose, which in turn increases the glucose levels in the blood (Saul, 2004). What if this control mechanism fails? The consequence would be in the form of diseases like Diabetes Mellitus. It has two forms. Either the insulin receptors do not function properly or the insulin is not produced at all. This leads to symptoms like high thirst since water moves from the cells into the blood stream, copious urine production,

Materials Selection For Automotive Exhaust System Engineering Essay

Materials Selection For Automotive Exhaust System Engineering Essay This assignment looks into the material selection and manufacturing process for an automotive exhaust system considering the operational requirements. Towards the end, the application of alternate material is also discussed. Working Requirements The maximum temperature in an automobile exhaust system is around 750-850 degree celsius. So the selected material for manufacturing the exhaust system should be able to handle temperatures in this range. Also there are various other corrosion factors like high temperature oxidation, de-icing salt contamination and wet corrosion by condensates[mainly towards the tail pipe section]. The exhaust system can mainly be divided into 2 sections based on the working temperature. The hot end[temperatures above 600 degree Celsius] which starts from the manifold till the catalytic converter, and the cold end[temperatures below 600 degree Celsius] which extends from the pre-muffler till the tail pipe. The exhaust system is also subjected to high frequency vibrations due to exhaust gas discharge. Normally, ferrous alloys are used in the manufacturing of exhaust system. These include carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steels and cast iron. The purpose of adding alloying elements is to help in solid solution strengthening of ferrite, improve the corrosion resistance and other characteristics and the cause the precipitation of alloy carbides. [5] Mild carbon steel was extensively used for the manufacturing of exhaust systems for a considerable period of time. Although mild steel has the properties to withstand exhaust temperature it has very poor corrosion resistance. High exposure to road salt and exhaust condensate can terribly shorten the life span of a mild steel based exhaust system. Also, over the years higher demands in power and environmental safety have seen the demise of mild steel from exhaust systems. Nowadays mild steel is employed in applications where the environment is non-corrosive. Stainless steel has replaced mild steel in exhaust systems today. The ferrous alloying element used here is chromium. The minimum amount of chromium in stainless steel is 10.5%. When stainless steel is heated, chromium forms a protective layer of chromium oxide over the stainless steel surface and delays further oxidation process. The exhaust system in a vehicle is expected to be at its peak performance always and the material failure is a undesirable characteristic for this. Performance and efficiency of a automobile engine is seriously affected by minor changes in the exhaust system. Therefore, it is important that fail proof and efficient materials be used in the construction of automotive exhausts. Materials used for manufacturing of exhaust systems should have the following characteristics: High service temperature, high fatigue strength, high fracture toughness, should be easily machinable and should be economic considering the overall cost of the automobile. Also, the material should be highly resistive to corrosion as the exhaust system is majorly exposed to road salts and condensates from the engine exhaust gases. Failure in the exhaust system can cause loss of back pressure which can significantly affect engine performance parameters.[1] Current trend: Evolution in the automobile industry has also seen the evolution of exhaust systems. From the usual carbon steel exhausts, we can see stainless steel being heavily employed in exhaust systems. From the CES charts, we can see that stainless steel excels over low/medium carbon steel in all properties other than economy. Ferritic stainless steel is used in the manufacture of exhaust systems. Ferritic stainless steel contains chromium as the main alloying element. The percentage of chromium can vary from 10.5% to 18%. These materials are resistant to corrosion and have very low fabrication characteristics. Although, these can be improved by alloying. Grades such as 434 and 444 have improved fabrication properties. Ferritic stainless steel is always used in a annealed state as they cannot be hardened using heat treatment processes. They have vey high resistance to cracking due to stress corrosion. They also exhibit acceptable welding characteristics in thin sections.[1] We can see in detail the different parts of the exhaust system and the material properties below: Exhaust Manifold: The exhaust manifold of a automobile engine is always exposed to hot gases. Cast iron has been in use for the production of exhaust manifolds traditionally. The main characteristics required for the exhaust manifold material include thermal fatigue strength required to withstand the high temperature exhaust gases, oxidation resistance , good fabrication properties and low thermal capacity to enhance the catalytic function. Ferritic stainless steel exhibit all these properties and offers big weight reduction also. The developments in vacuum casting process has helped in the fabrication of stainless steel manifold with section thickness of 2-5mm. Higher demands in pollution control will rise the exhaust temperatures too and therefore, ferritic stainless steel will be in major use for exhaust system manufacturing. Ferritic stainless steel exhibits improves thermal fatigue characteristics when processed by solid solution strengthening with molybdenum or niobium. This process also improve s the oxidation resistance and microstructural stability. Ferritic stainless steel also has cost advantages because of the absence of nickel in its composition. Another variant called the austenite stainless steel is used where ferritic stainless steel is unsuitable. Austenite stainless steel can enhance its properties when enough carbon is added to it. But, the higher cost limits its usage compared to the ferritic variant.[3] Cast iron manifolds can be manufactured by the sand casting process. The solidification of molten cast iron can result in the formation of interstitial voids between the various particles in the cast iron structure. This can lead to particle sliding over each other and as a result a decline in the mechanical properties of the mould. Stress relieving heat treatments are performed inorder to increase the dimensional stability of the material. During heat treatment, the thermal expansion of the material allows the voids to be filled. Although, care should be taken as not to overdo the heat treatment process as too much thermal expansion can bring about more stresses in the material microstructure and this can impair material properties. Changes in microstructure can diminish material properties like thermal fatigue and fracture toughness that can result in the premature failure of the finished product. The alternate material that can be used in exhaust manifold manufacture is ferritic stainless steel. These materials have enhanced properties for exhaust manifold production. The main feature is the low thermal expansion that is one of the major problems faced by cast iron exhaust manifolds. Molybdenum and Niobium alloying has shown tremendous increase in the heat enhancement properties of ferritic stainless steel. Vacuum casting process that is used in the production of ferritic stainless steel manifolds is the factor that increases its cost. Effective methods need to be developed to reduce the tooling and manufacturing cost. Once this is achieved, cast iron exhaust manifolds can be replaced by stainless steel exhaust manifolds that have improved properties and weigh less and can thus adhere to stringent emission norms that come in future. Nowadays stainless steel manifolds are only used in vehicles that call for extreme performance. Commercialisation of this technology is not far a way. Catalytic converter: The catalytic converter is used to clean the exhaust gases and make it free of toxic effects. It is normally exposed to elevated temperatures like 1000 degree Celsius and therefore its durability is a very important factor in proper functioning of the exhaust system. Conventionally the catalytic converters are made of a material called the cordierite monolith that basically acts as the absorbant in it. Cordierite is a silicate and thus the component is manufactured by an extrusion process. Then it is subjected to washcoating where the monolith is submerged in materials such as Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2 and metals such as platinum, rhodium and palladium. The main properties of the catalytic converter monolith are as follows Fusion point : 1450 degree Celsius Coefficient of Thermal Expansion : 0.002cal/s-cm-oC [low] Thickness of monolith walls : 100 microns Number of cells : 400-900 cpsi The main advantages of the cordierite monolith are lower cost and manufacturing ease. Alternate material for the catalytic converter is stainless steel. Instead of the silicate monolith metal alloy materials are used in the construction of the monolith. These metal monoliths are manufactured by the combination of flat and corrugated layers of the metal alloy. These are then made into the spiral shaped monolith. The exhaust gases escape through the channels formed between the flat and corrugated planes. Washcoating is done in this case also. But the important thing to be remembered is that this process needs to be done before the monolith is made into a spiral shape. This is because the metal monolith is generally smaller in size and that can obstruct the proper washcoating of the entire metallic monolith. The main characteristics of the metallicmonolith are as follows: Fusion point : 1600 degree Celsius [150 degree Celsius more than cordierite] Coefficient of Thermal Expansion : very high[directly influenced by aluminium content in metal alloy] Thickness of monolith walls : 25 microns [less compared to cordierite] Number of cells : 800-1250 cpsi [2] One of the major advantages of the metallic monolith is the high impact resistance. As the catalytic converter is prone to impacts from road surfaces, it is important that the catalytic converter remains intact at all times. The cordierite monolith is very weak compared to metallic monolith in this case. Metallic monoliths also have the advantage of being placed close to the exhaust manifold. This means that they can achieve the operating temperature[around 300 degree Celsius] earlier and thus reduce exhaust contamination. These monoliths can also be developed in smaller sizes compared to the silicate counterparts. Higher service temperature means that metallic monoliths are used in high performance applications where the conditions are very severe. Muffler : The muffler is the final part in the exhaust system. The introduction of catalytic converter has led to the formation of condensates inside the muffler thereby resulting in corrosion. Aluminized carbon steel is employed in the manufacture of the exhaust mufflers traditionally. The exhaust gas condensates have amplified the corrosion rates in the muffler and it is seen that they do not perform to their maximum service life when the catalytic converter is introduced. This normally happens in the short runs of the vehicle where the exhaust gas temperature does not rise high enough to vaporize these condensates. During long runs, the exhaust gas temperature goes over 100 degree Celsius which prevents the formation of condensates and reduces corrosion. Stainless steel mufflers have very high corrosion resistance and the addition of chromium and molybdenum can improve these properties. High production rates can be achieved by the use of stainless steel by tandem mill cold rolling, annealin g and descaling process. Titanium can also be added in small traces to improve muffler properties in stainless steel.[3] Titanium exhaust systems [ a future perspective]: Environmental agencies now prefer guaranteed corrosion resistance on exhaust systems for more than 100,000 miles. Titanium achieves this and is much better than stainless steel systems that are used now. A typical catalytic converter and muffler pipe in stainless steel weighs around 10kg. A redesigned titanium system weighs only around 3.2 kg. This weight saving is very beneficial when considering high performance and high precision automobiles. Pure titanium tube and sheet are the materials of choice for silencers, and pipes. Reduction of weight and cost are achieved by selecting the thinnest gauges of materials consistent with the engineering and acoustic parameters of the exhaust system. Titanium may not be suitable for the entire system, and will most probably be limited to components in which the temperature of metal does not go over 400 degree celsius for longer periods of time. The parts immediately behind the catalytic converter continue to perform well under test. Use of titanium lugs welded to the pipe will certainly prove to be the most efficient method to fix the exhaust to the vehicle frame (via rubber isolators). Material conforming to ASTM Grade 2, (e.g. Timetal 50A) offers the optimum in terms of cost, availability, fabricability, weldability and mechanical properties. Grade 45A is slightly less strong and more ductile than 50A and may be required where extensive forming is part of the manufacturing process e.g. lock seaming (Table 4). Both alloys are fully weldable, require no intermediate or post-forming heat treatment, and are available in wide sheet coil. These alloys are also used to manufacture low-cost continuously welded tube.   Properties of pure titanium 45A and 50A 45A 50A Thermal expansion (10-6degree Celsius) 8.9 8.9 Hardness (HV) 140-170 160-200 Tensile Modulus ( 103N.mm2) 103 103 Density ( g.cm-3) 4.51 4.51 Specific Heat( J.kg-1.oC-1) 519 519 RA min (%) 40 35 Titanium Production: Pure titanium is cold formable, and sheets or tube can be shaped readily at room temperature using techniques and equipment that are normally for steel. Following factors must be taken into consideration while machining titanium.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ductility of titanium is generally less than that of steel. More generous bend radii may be required during bending applications.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The modulus of elasticity of titanium is about half that of steel. This means that titanium will return back to original state after forming. Compensation for this can be done by slight overforming.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Titanium tends to gall against unlubricated forming tools. Proper lubrication of the tool can solve this problem. Both lock seaming and resistance welding are suitable to join the catalytic converter, and traditional TIG is suitable to seal the ends and pipe joints with a torch trailing shield to the external surface of the box end joints. Production Economy: A leading exhaust system manufacturer in the United States, successfully rolled and seam welded a batch of titanium boxes at one of its production units. This was done with no extra cost when compared with the production of steel components. It was also seen that the bending units that are currently employed for the bending of steel are suitable in the case of titanium also. The only factor is the procurement cost of titanium and therefore significant efforts are necessary to bring down tooling and manufacturing costs.[3] Conclusion: It can be concluded that stainless steel can replace conventional materials in automotive exhaust systems. We have to count on developments in tooling and manufacturing methods that can bring down overall costs to minimum. Stainless steel is easily the best alternative in service aspects of the exhaust system. High performance materials like titanium may also come into commercial production soon. Improved thermal, mechanical and chemical properties are major factors that govern material selection for an exhaust system.

Managed Care, Physicians, and Patients :: Healthcare

Give three examples of common assertions about managed care impact on physicians and physician/ patient interaction. Explain how these assertions are proven true or false by evidence. Kongstvedt (2007) argues that managed care has impacted the way in which patient and physicians interact .Now, physicians are held more accountable, and patients are more actively involved in their care .The following are three examples of common assertions about managed care impact on physicians and patient interaction. However, these assertions are proven true or false by evidence. 1. Many critics of managed care argue that utilization review personnel decisions in regards to necessary treatment overrule doctors’ decisions frequently and coverage denial rates for physician recommendations are very low. However, Kongstvedt (2007) states that a national survey that was carried out with over 2,000 physicians caring for patients plans utilizing manage care techniques discredit this claim. In fact, the survey revealed that the final coverage denial rate for physician recommendations was at most 3% within eight categories and much less for most categories of care.

Murdering of Innocents

Chapter Two begins with the introduction of Thomas Gradgrind, â€Å"a man of realitiesSfacts and calculations. † He always introduces himself as Mr. Gradgrind and spends his time in constant cogitation. He is the Speaker, previously unnamed and he now takes it as his duty to educate the children (â€Å"little pitchers before him†). He identifies a student, called Girl number twenty, who replies that her name is Sissy Jupe. Gradgrind corrects her that her name is Cecilia regardless of what her father calls her. Jupe's father is involved in a horse-riding circus and this is not respectable†¹in Gradgrind's opinion. He advises Cecilia to refer to her father as a â€Å"farrier† (the person who shoes a horse) or perhaps, a â€Å"veterinary surgeon. † The lesson continues with Gradgrind's command: â€Å"Give me your definition of a horse. † While Girl number twenty knows what a horse is, she is unable to define one. Another child in the class, a boy called Bitzer, easily defines the animal by means of biological classifications (quadruped, graminivorous, etc. ). After this, the third gentleman steps forward. He is a government officer as well as a famous boxer and he is known for his alert belligerence. His job is to remove â€Å"fancy† and â€Å"imagination† from the minds of the children. They learn that it is nonsense to decorate a room with representations of horses because horses do not walk up and down the sides of rooms in reality. Sissy Jupe is a slow learner, among the group of stragglers who admit that they would dare to carpet a room with representations of flowers because she is â€Å"fond† of them. Sissy is taught that she must not â€Å"fancy† and that she is â€Å"to be in all things regulated and governed by fact. † After the gentleman finishes his speech, the schoolteacher, Mr. M'Choakumchild, begins his instruction. He has been trained in a schoolteacher-factory and has been conditioned to be dry, inflexible and uninspiring†¹but full of hard facts. His primary job in these preparatory lessons is to find â€Å"Fancy† in the minds of the children and eradicate it. Analysis: â€Å"Murdering the Innocents† replaces the suspense of the previous chapter by establishing names and identities for the previously anonymous social roles that were presented earlier. As is to be expected from Dickens, the names of the characters are emblematic of their personality; usually, Dickens' haracters can be described as innocent, villainous or unaware of the moral dilemmas of the story that surrounds them. The characters' names are almost always an immediate indication of where the character fits on Dickens' moral spectrum. Thomas Gradgrind, â€Å"a man of realities† is a hard educator who grinds his students through a factory-like process, hoping to produce graduates (grads). Additionally, Gradgrind is a â€Å"doubting Thomas†Ã¢â‚¬ ¹much like the Biblical apostle who resisted belief in the resurrection, this Thomas urges that students depend exclusively upon the evidence in sight. He dismisses faith, fancy, belief, emotion and trust at once. Mr. M'Choakumchild is plainly villainous and he resembles the sort of fantastic ogres he'd prefer students took no stock in. Cecilia (Sissy) Jupe is unlike the other characters in almost every possible way. While there are other female students, she is the only female identified thus far in the novel. Unlike the boy â€Å"Bitzer† (who has the name of a horse), Sissy has a nickname and at least in this chapter, she is the lone embodiment of â€Å"fancy† at the same time that she is the single female presented as a contrast to the row of hardened mathematical men. Her character is, of course, a romanticized figure. Despite the political critique of Dickens' simplification and over-idealization of females and children (and girls, especially), Cecilia's character does have some depth that allows her development later in the novel. Her last name, â€Å"Jupe,† comes from the French word for â€Å"skirts† and her first name, Cecilia, represents the sainted patroness of music. Especially as she is a member of a traveling circus, we can expect Cecilia to represent â€Å"Art† and â€Å"Fancy† in contrast to M'Choakumchild, one of 141 schoolmasters who â€Å"had been lately turned at the same time, in the same factory, on the same principles, like so many pianoforte legs. Besides the allusion to St. Cecilia, Dickens alludes to Morgiana, a character in the classic story † Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves†Ã¢â‚¬ ¹one of the Arabian Nights tales. The reader should always note the irony in Dickens' allusions: while Dickens' characters argue against fanciful literature, Dickens' is relying upon it to compose his story. In this case, Dickens' simile presents M'Choakumchild's search for â€Å"the robber Fancy† in terms of Morgiana's searching for (and hiding of) the thieves in â€Å"Ali Baba. The metaphor of the children as eager â€Å"vessels† is made explicit when the â€Å"vessels† before M'Choakumchild become the â€Å"jars† before Morgiana. And the motif of robbers and villains is finalized when we remember that Ali Baba and the forty thieves were more hero than criminal. M'Choakumchild is labeled â€Å"gentleman† but his intention to seek and destroy â€Å"the robber Fancy lurking within† makes â€Å"the robber Fancy† (childish imagination) a more noble personification. Instead, the teachers are the ones who seem criminal. The most important allusion of the chapter is the title: â€Å"Murdering the Innocents. † The reader should expect Dickens work to be full of Biblical and Christian allusions as he is writing to a largely sentimental popular audience. While the reference may be more inaccessible, erudite or unrecognizable for modern young readers, Dickens' 1854 British audience immediately saw the reference to King Herod. Soon after the birth of Christ, Herod fears for his throne and has all of the male babies in Bethlehem executed (in the hopes of murdering the Christ child). In literary circles, the phrase â€Å"murder of the innocents† is exclusively used to describe this Biblical story. While the students are not literally danger (M'Choakumchild), their childish imagination has been targeted for annihilation. This completes the archetype of youth vs. age, and foreshadows that whoever is being targeted and singled out (Cecilia Jupe and her imagination) will ultimately escape this tyrant, but other innocents will be less fortunate (Bitzer). But we might expect as much from the same author who had written A Christmas Carol a decade before. The major theme of the chapter can be easily inferred from Dickens' description of Cecilia in the classroom. The â€Å"horses† and carpeted â€Å"flowers† are all double symbols of her femininity and youth, but most important, Cecilia represents Art in opposition to mechanization. Dickens is not arguing against education, science or progress. He is arguing against a mode of factory-style, mind-numbing, grad-grinding production that takes the fun out of life. But even worse than the loss of â€Å"fun† or â€Å"leisure,† Dickens is arguing that art requires an inquisitive and desiring mind. Especially as Dickens is known to have read and enjoyed Arabian Nights in his youth, we can see a bit of autobiography in his tender treatment of Cecilia†¹perhaps if he had come under a Mr. M'Choakumchild, he would have proved incapable of becoming an artist. The life of modern mankind is presented very negatively and ignorantly by Matthew Arnold in the poem Dover Beach by the fact that religious faith evanesce with the Industrial Revolution. Arnold creates the image of the dark future for the people without unwavering faith or religion. Modern men are bastardised with the thought that new the Industrial Revolution will give them advantage over nature. This thought of gaining superiority made humans arrogant by which this appearance is broken by the reality of nature’s dominance. People also seem ignorant with the wishful thought. These pebbles which ‘the waves draw back, and fling’ are completely powerless and are thrown around by the waves that move these â€Å"pebbles† at ease. Arnold uses pebbles as a metaphor for humans to show the inferiority in comparison to nature. The ignorance of humans is emphasised by the historical allusion to Peloponnesian War. In the dark, soldiers could not differentiate between their own army and the opponents; and so they killed their own soldiers. This is used by the poet to show the stupidity of modern man throwing away the religion which was everything to people before the Industrial Revolution; something to believe and rely on when people prayed. However, this old belief is thrown away and Arnold sees it as a very naive decision. The Industrial Revolution gave the source of arrogance and confidence which took place among the Western countries. This revolution was revolutionary itself; humans could mass produce, with improved quality, and at ease. These machineries became the limbs of human society. What came with the industrial revolution was the idea of realism. People could nearly produce goods to near-original standards, all thanks to improved technologies and science, and hence began to doubt the existence of God and supernatural beings. Realism contrasts the theology which is all about belief without questioning that God exists; and people believed it before the times of the machineries. It gave people hope and modesty under the mighty existence of God. However both hope and modesty disappeared with the Industrial Revolution which Arnold laments for. Bitterness is suggested when Arnold exclaims ‘Ah, love’ to show that in this changing world, one can only rely on the partner, and be trustful and true. Sarcasm is used to describe the modern world as a ‘land of dreams’ as there is no more hope for the world, as there is no more faith. As the poem proceeds, the transition of mood is noticeable as the grief of the loss of faith extends to a sense of resignation towards the end and having a sarcastic, sour approach to the ssue. The ‘tremulous cadence slow’ helps to convey the gradual process of the wane of doctrine which adds to the idea that the change of people’s lives is almost unnoticeable. This gradual process hurts Arnold because people are caught unaware of the changes taking place and so do not think it is particularly wrong and sinful. Arnold presents his sorrow with the historical al lusion to Sophocles who, was a Greek playwright, had heard the sound of waves crashing as the ‘eternal note of sadness’. The ‘sadness’ of the mankind turning away from religious beliefs is a parallel to the ‘melancholy†¦ withdrawing roar†¦retreating’ of the waves. Before the development of science and technology, people had truly believed in the religion and thought that they were in total control of god. The metaphor ‘Sea of Faith’ which presents the religious faith people have, used to be ‘full and round Earth’s shore’ but now is ‘retreating†¦ down the vast edges’ which shows the decreasing religious beliefs. Arnold points out that, without faith, humans are ‘naked’ and have no protection and defence which reflects the vulnerability of man and their lives. With carefully chosen words, Arnold presents the uncertainty of the future of humans. The new industrialised world seems â€Å"so various, so beautiful, so new† but it is again a mere appearance. The reality is that this mechanic, stiff world will have â€Å"neither joy, nor love, nor light† because this mechanics cannot feel love, hence no joy, and no vision as humans need love and the warm characteristics of humanity. It is thus deducible that the future will have no â€Å"certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain† which are the essentialities of humans. Humans can only survive the harsh world when everybody believes and trusts each other, and this will be broken with the introduction of industrialisation. This change of the world will bring â€Å"confused alarms on struggle and flight† which creates an imagery of a â€Å"darkling plain†; a dark vision for humans. Furthermore, the â€Å"turbid† ebb and flow shows the cloudy, uncertain future of ‘ebb and flow’ which is the repetitive cycles of nature. Can humans only survive when they make harmony with the nature, and to go against the natural cycles can only mean extinction of humans. The ‘cliffs’ of England ‘gleams’ and ‘glimmers’; gleams and glimmers have a sense of shakiness, precariousness and unknown which echoes the uncertain modern man. Also the alliteration of ‘g’ and ‘m’ creates a stuttering tone which adds to the idea of uncertainty. This imagery portrays the withering away of cliffs as a decline of religious beliefs and whatsmore, deterioration of the Earth itself as humans exploit resources out of the Earth which the modern development enabled men to do. The flaws of modernism and realism are expressed in this poem. The flow of the poem is cut off by uses of caesura which is a parallel to the imperfect modern world. Arnold gives a hint that modernization of the world will have some flaws which will inevitably bring loss of faith and result in loss of equilibrium. In science, there is no hope; everything is measured out and exact. Hence in the modern world reality there can be no hope as it looks vain. Again, Arnold sympathises with the loss of hope in reality. In a different sense, the calm, naturalistic description of a beach at night in the first stanza is the appearance which contrasts to the reality that is sad, unhopeful, ‘retreating’ and ‘tremulous’. Human beings are inferior over nature and the spiritual beliefs as to an extent that people cannot control anything. The abandonment of the doctrine of religion with the help of the Industrial Revolution is only a vain act against the power overwhelming nature. Religion and faith should remain in humanity and ignoring it should result in the uncertainty and vulnerability of modern man.

20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past

20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past 20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past 20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past By Mark Nichol This list features former and eighteen other adjectives (and a prefix) that can be used to refer to a position no longer held or a state no longer active, exclusive of the synonyms for original. 1. antecedent: Though this word is usually seen in noun form, it can also be an adjective, as in â€Å"She wants to answer the antecedent question.† 2. earlier: This comparative of early, like most words on this list, can function as an adjective as well as an adverb; in the former usage, one can say, for example, â€Å"The earlier iteration had many flaws.† 3. erstwhile: This somewhat stuffy, self-conscious synonym for former was originally an adverb, as in â€Å"The two were erstwhile adversarial† but has been in use as an adjective since the early 1900s. The first syllable from this word from Old English is from the superlative for ere (â€Å"before†). 4. ex-: This prefix is attached, nearly always with a hyphen, to a noun to signify that a status is no longer current, as in â€Å"All four living ex-presidents attended the event.† (The exception is when an en dash is used in place of the hyphen to signal that what follows the prefix is an open compound, as in â€Å"All four living ex–vice presidents attended the event.† It might be better, however, just to use former or another alternative.) The prefix, which originally meant â€Å"from† or â€Å"out of† but now has several senses, is also sometimes used as a stand-alone word, especially in reference to a former significant other, as in â€Å"Oh, I saw your ex the other day.† 5. former: This is the default word to describe the sense of something no longer being what it was; it can also be used as the antonym of latter to refer to the first of two things. 6. late: When used on its own to modify a person’s name (â€Å"the late John Smith†), it means that the person is deceased. â€Å"Late of,† however, is an outdated way of saying that someone is no longer associated with something, as in â€Å"Mary Jones, late of Centerville† (meaning that she recently lived there). 7. onetime: This synonym of former (â€Å"Mary Jones is a onetime resident of Centerville†) may also mean â€Å"done or happening one time only†). The word is sometimes hyphenated when the latter meaning is intended. 8. old: Old distinguishes something from something else from an earlier time that was replaced, as in â€Å"I think that the old design looks better.† 9. original: This word can be used in place of former or a synonym to refer to an initial state, as in â€Å"The original plans called for a large entrance.† 10. other: This word occasionally substitutes for former, as in â€Å"In other times, we might not have given it a second thought†; a similar usage is, for example, â€Å"the other day,† referring to a recent day. 11. past: This word is used narrowly in the sense of someone who no longer holds a position, as in â€Å"past president.† 12. precedent: Like the similar word antecedent, this term is usually used as a noun but can function as an adjective, as in â€Å"A precedent event in her life turned out to be a character-defining one.† 13. preceding: Preceding has the same sense as precedent and is used more commonly. 14. preexisting: This word means â€Å"existing in an earlier time.† (Note that the prefix pre- is not attached to the root word with a hyphen.) 15. previous: Previous can mean â€Å"existing before in general† or â€Å"existing immediately before,† depending on whether one writes, for example, â€Å"a previous administration† or â€Å"the previous administration.† 16. prior: This word is identical in meaning to previous, though it is less likely than that word to be used to refer to mean â€Å"immediately previous†; it also has the sense, rarely employed, of â€Å"being more important because it came first.† 17. quondam: This direct borrowing from Latin was originally an adverb and a noun, but those usages are obsolete, and adjectival use is rare and often considered overly formal. 18. sometime: Sometime began as an adverb. Later, it acquired the sense of â€Å"at some future time,† as in â€Å"I’ll see you again sometime,† and finally developed an adjectival sense. 19. then: The adverbial use of this word (â€Å"I’ll go, then†) and its function as a conjunction (â€Å"First, I waved, and then I called out to her†) were followed by the development as an adjective meaning â€Å"being at that time†; it should be used in place of former or most other synonyms to indicate that the state existed during the time being discussed, as in â€Å"In 1968, then California governor Ronald Reagan considered running for president.† (Note that then is not hyphenated to the following word.) 20. whilom: This synonym for former (and formerly) is archaic and rarely used anymore. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Confused Words #3: Lose, Loose, Loss10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Free Essays on Mapp V Ohio

,’ valueless and undeserving of mention in a perpetual charter of inestimable human liberties, so too, without that rule the freedom from state invasions of privacy would be†¦ ephemeral†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The exclusionary rule not only applies to federal cases, it also applies to state criminal proceedings. This prohibits... Free Essays on Mapp V Ohio Free Essays on Mapp V Ohio Mapp V. Ohio 367 U.S. 643 (1961) Facts: Mapp was convicted of possession of lewd and lascivious books, pictures, and photographs in violation of Ohio law. Three Cleveland police officers went to Mapp’s resident based on information that a person who was wanted in connection with a recent bombing was hiding out in her home. The officers knocked on the door and demanded entrance, but Mapp, telephoning her attorney, refused to admit them without a warrant. The officers again sought entrance three hours later, after the arrival of more police. When Mapp did not respond, the officers broke the door open. Mapp’s attorney arrived but was denied access to his client. Mapp demanded to see the search warrant the police claimed to possess. When a paper supposed to be the warrant was held up by one of the officers. Mapp grabbed the paper and places it in her bosom. A struggle ensued and the paper recovered after Mapp was handcuffed for being belligerent. A search of the house produced a trunk that contained obscen e materials. The materials were admitted into evidence at the trail and Mapp was convicted of possession of obscene materials. Issue: Fourth Amendment (Exclusionary Rule) Court: United States Supreme Court Reason; â€Å"Since the Fourth Amendment’s right of privacy has been declared enforceable against the States through the Due Process Clause of the [Fourteenth Amendment], it is enforceable against them by the same sanction of exclusion as is used against the Federal Government. Were it otherwise, then just as without the Week rule the assurance against unreasonable searches and seizures would be ‘a form of words,’ valueless and undeserving of mention in a perpetual charter of inestimable human liberties, so too, without that rule the freedom from state invasions of privacy would be†¦ ephemeral†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The exclusionary rule not only applies to federal cases, it also applies to state criminal proceedings. This prohibits...

Residual Income as a measure of managerial performance. Include Essay

Residual Income as a measure of managerial performance. Include examples of usage today and advantages and disadvantages - Essay Example In business, residual income represents a specific financial amount derived from an equation which subtracts invested capital from total, pre-tax profitability (Accaglobal.com, 1999). Where the traditional return on investment (ROI) template, which calculates a percentage by dividing the average operating assets from net operating income, residual income is represented in actual dollars through its calculation. Professionals argue that residual income (RI) may not necessarily reflect the total performance of a managerial professional, hence there is the debate as to whether compensation directly linked to RI totals is a fair measure of reward for performance. This paper examines the contemporary usage of residual income as a performance measure. There are several viable calculations to determine residual income (RI), with the most common being operating income minus the required return on investment in dollars (Marshall, McManus & Viele, 2006). A second method is subtracting required income from actual income, representing a final financial (not percentage) total, indicating either a negative or positive residual income (Economist, 1996). For instance, if the actual income of the firm is $100,000 and required income (often calculated from ROI) is $50,000, the firm has experienced a residual income increase of $50,000, which may indicate that the company executive leadership has made positive strides in boosting profitability. When ROI is used in the equation to determine residual income, positive RI occurs when actual ROI is greater than the minimum required ROI. These calculations may sound very simplistic and relatively straightforward, however, calculating residual income is not always a fair measure of total executive performance, especially when a particular company has experienced years of negative residual income. For instance, assume that a firm maintained a negative residual income for

Techniques lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Techniques - Lab Report Example Calculations performed on the changes in mass revealed that the experimental mass of the NaCl was 1.464 g. The -1.942% error between the two results was attributed to experimental errors arising from the improper use of the pipets during the transfer of the solution to the evaporating dish for heating. The results obtained showed that the difference in the masses between the expected and experimental results to be small (-0.029 g), resulting in a relatively small % error of -1.942%. The % error was caused by systematic errors resulting from improper use of the pipet during the transfer on the 25 mL NaCl solution to the evaporating dish. Minute air bubbles might have been sucked together with the NaCl solution, resulting in a reduced amount of NaCl being heated at the end, thus lowering the final mass. The pipet used in the experiment has a precision of uncertainty of  ±0.01 mL; therefore the 25 mL taken from the volumetric flask was between 24.99 mL – 25.01 mL. This uncertainty is relatively low, making the pipet’s readings relatively precise, thus reducing the chances of random errors resulting from observational mistakes during the filling up of the pipet. a. Filling the 100 mL volumetric flask beyond the mark would lead to a lower actual (experimental) molarity. This is because adding more water will make the solution more dilute, thus lowering the molarity. b. The density of the solution would decrease if the volumetric flask was topped beyond the mark because the density if governed by the formula Density = Mass / Volume1. Therefore, increasing the volume would lead to a subsequent decrease in the density. a. Having the liquid level in the pipet being below the line would lead to a reduction of the mass of the NaCl obtained after the subsequent heating because the amount of NaCl pipet is less than the required amount. c. Using the pipet to deliver the NaCl solution to

SOC 331 week 5 discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOC 331 week 5 discussions - Essay Example Application of an umbrella cover of distributive justice is seen to be in violation of certain clauses of the constitution like the eighth amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment (Dreisbach, 2013). Drawing inference from the case of Miller v. Alabama, the application of retributive justice demanded the Miller, a fourteen year old boy be tried with the charges of arson and capital crime in the same capacity as an adult. The application of retributive justice does not consider an individuals mental status when committing a crime, thus proposes a blanket cover with which justice is administered equally for equal crime. Application of a mandatory life without parole that is applicable in distributive justice can thus be said to be unjust, as it does not give opportunity for the offender to be cross-examined to ascertain the real intentions of committing a crime (Dreisbach, 2013). According to the constitution, application of retributive justice is significant as it is based on ensuring that commitment of crimes of the same nature like the one that attracted a capital punishment will prevent commitment of future crimes by the potential offenders. Severe punishment acts as psychological negative stimulant to avoidance of the crime. Nevertheless, application of retributive justice will infringe the rights of the citizens especially the juvenile who are life sentenced without parole. These persons will be denied an opportunity for proper development. Application of retributive justice can be just or unjust depending on the situation when the justice is administered. Taking the situation of Karla Faye Tucker, corrective justice as an alternative theory to retributive justice demands that there should be fair compensation to the offender and the victim of a crime without gain for either side. Nevertheless, the victim of Karla had died and could not be compensated. In this regard, corrective justice requires correctional measures to be taken

What is collagen Essay Example for Free

What is collagen Essay Collagen is a simple protein made up of amino-acids. Amino acids are built from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. In fact collagen makes up approximately 30% of the protein within the body. As a structure Collagen is intensely strong and is a vital protein that is found all over the body: In tendons and ligaments. It plays an important role in the protection function of the skin in that it helps limit the absorption and spreading of pathogenic substances, environmental toxins, micro organisms and cancerous cells. Why do we need collagen?  Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue and is responsible for: skin firmness, skin moisturisation, skin suppleness, constant renewal of skin cells. Research proves explicitly that the skin ageing process occurs in connective tissue, whose main ingredient is collagen. Collagen is vital for skin elasticity, which is essential for the flexibility of the skin without stretching. It allows our skin to constantly expand and contract without looking like a well worn, well loved old cardigan than has stretched beyond recognition. Skin loses its elasticity and ability to expand because of the decreasing ability to retain water. When elasticity is compromised, when we put on excessive weight, or we are pregnant, the elastin fibres are really under pressure and the result can mean stretch marks. Like Love and marriage, Laurel and Hardy, and Yin and Yang, both collagen and elastin fibres support and need each other. Because of this dependency upon each other, it is important to build both not just one, for real and best results. It is therefore important, that, to facilitate increased Collagen production within the skin, we need to ensure that we have increased elastin fibres, water and energy. The synthesis of collagen requires a high level of atmospheric oxygen. The collagen in these types of products are going to do nothing more than moisturize the skin. Collagen cannot be absorbed by the skin. Collagens dependency on Oxygen As mentioned in the section What is collagen† we already know Collagen is a simple protein made up of amino-acids, and that Amino acids are built from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. It is therefore true to say that, in order for collagen to be produced, the body needs sufficient supply of all of these 3 fundamental elements. Let look closer at how the body actually receives these elements and begin to appreciate what we can do to help ourselves. Hydrogen (H) a macronutrient It would be virtually impossible to understate the importance of this element to human life. First of all, water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). We can survive years, or at least months without getting most of the other elements that we need to survive. We can survive weeks without food, but we would die after only a few days without water. Water is incredibly important in our bodies. In fact, almost 70% of our body is made of water. It dissolves other life-supporting substances and transports them to fluids in and around our cells. It is also a place in which important reactions take place in our bodies. Chemically, water is a remarkable substance and its many unique attributes make life possible. Hydrogen is obviously a critical component of water and minute chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds are what give water many of its unique attributes. Also, hydrogen is practically always bound to the carbon that our bodies are constructed of. Without this arrangement, our bodies would be little more than a pile of atoms on the ground. Stomach acid is a compound of hydrogen and chlorine (hydrochloric acid, or HCl). Logically, hydrogen is extremely important in allowing us to digest our food properly and to absorb the many other elements that we need to survive. Finally, many chemical reactions that make life possible involve the hydrogen ion. Without this unique and important element, we simply couldnt exist. Karin Herzog products based on the original and ground-breaking formulas of her Late Husband, Dr Paul Herzog, have been clinically proven to deliver additional water directly into the skin. This is no mean feat and is something that most other skin care product try to achieve to lesser or greater extent. Herzog remains the world’s only product to deliver not just oxygen but water deep into the skin. We can legally claim that we oxygenate the tissues as we have passed the necessary clinical testings by a recognised European testing laboratory. Using Herzog gives you peace of mind and assurance that the product you invest in, is doing what it is supposed to do and is a major benefit to the skin. Carbon (C) a macronutrient The element carbon is perhaps the single most important element to life. Virtually every part of our bodies is made with large amounts of this element. The carbon atom is ideal to build big biological molecules. The carbon atom can be thought of as a basic building block. These building blocks can be attached to each other to form long chains, or they can be attached to other elements. This can be difficult to imagine at first, but it may help to think about building with Lego blocks. You can think of carbon as a bunch of red Lego blocks attached together to form one long chain of Legos. Now, you can imagine sticking yellow, blue and green Legos across the tops of the red (carbon) Legos. These other colours represent other elements like oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen. As you stick more and more of these yellow, blue and green Legos to the red chain, it would start to look like a skeleton of Legos with a spine of red Legos and bones of yellow, blue and green Legos. This is a lot like the way that big molecules are made in the body. Without carbon, these big molecules could not be built. Now, virtually every part of your body is made up of these big molecules that are based around chains of carbon atoms. This is the reason we are known as carbon based life forms. Without carbon, our bodies would just be a big pile of loose atoms with no way to be built into a person. Carbohydrates are simple sugars, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The body gets carbon therefore from a good diet because carbon atoms always bond to hydrogen atoms, using Herzog which delivers additional water allows more carbon to be transported, Oxygen (O) a macronutrient It may seem obvious that people need to breathe oxygen to survive, but plants need this element too. Many people think plants breathe carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen. But in reality, plants also breathe oxygen at certain times. Without oxygen, plants could not survive. Without plants, we wouldnt have food to eat. Plants do provide the oxygen and the earths atmosphere is made up of approximately 20% Oxygen. However in polluted areas like major inner-cities, this oxygen count is depleting and the air quality is compromised. Oxygen is the regulator within our bodies. It fights infection and bacteria. Oxygen has a stimulating effect on the 10 systems of the body and is used as the fuel and energy. Oxygen plays a vital role in the breathing processes and in the metabolism of the living organisms. Appropriate levels of oxygen are vital to support cell respiration. Oxygen plays an important role in the energy metabolism of living organisms. The living cell is the site of tremendous biochemical activity called metabolism This is the process of chemical and physical change which goes on continually in the human body: build-up of new tissue, replacement of old tissue, conversion of food to energy, disposal of waste materials, reproduction all the activities that we characterize as life. All functions of our body are regulated by oxygen. It must be replaced every moment because 90% of our lives depend on it. Oxygen energizes cells so they can regenerate. Our body uses oxygen to metabolise food and to eliminate toxins and waste through oxidation. Our brain needs oxygen each second to process information. All of our organs need a great deal of oxygen to function efficiently. The ability to think ,feel ,move eat, sleep and even talk all depend on energy generated from oxygen. Oxygen is the only element capable of combining with almost every other element to form the essentials components necessary to build and maintain our body. For example oxygen + nitrogen+ hydrogen= protein : oxygen+ carbon+ hydrogen=carbohydrates : oxygen +hydrogen=water. How important is oxygen to a healthy body? Many experts conclude that a lack of oxygen in human cells and tissue is linked to a vast variety of and quite possibly all health problems and disease, and that supplemental oxygen therapies have remarkable physiological benefits. It plays a very important role in the body acting as guardian and protector against unfriendly bacteria and disease organism. Most scientists and doctors reiterate that metabolic disorders are the result of blood deficient in oxygen. When you consider the full importance of oxygen, it becomes clear that this versatile element is the single most important substance to life. Karin Herzog products based on the original and ground-breaking formulas of her Late Husband, Dr Paul Herzog, have been clinically proven to deliver additional Oxygen directly into the skin. This is no mean feat and is something that most other skin care products try to emulate. Herzog remains the worlds only product to deliver not just oxygen but water and vitamins deep into the skin. We can legally claim that we oxygenate the tissues as we have passed the necessary clinical testings by a recognised European testing laboratory. Using Herzog gives you peace of mind and assurance that the product you invest in, is doing what it is supposed to do and is a major benefit to the skin. Replace, increase and then keep topping up the vital life line elements for your cells ( including the skin ) that age, environment and modern living take out on a daily basis. To have peace of mind that that is in fact what you are doing it is good to know Herzog is logical, reliable and developed and supported by Specialists, clinicians and Doctors. Can the skin absorb collagen from a cream? Well not one to beat around the bush and wanting so much to educate and give people the facts to enable YOU the consumer to make an educated choice about what you spend your hard earned cash on. Here we go ‘It is impossible for your skin to absorb collagen from a cream that is placed topically onto the skin. ’ Fact! That means that any product you buy that purports to increase your collagen production by pushing collagen from the cream into the skin, is making a false claim. t best they can only moisturise the skin, which yes is important and beneficial but then lots of things do that and you don’t need to spend incredible amounts of money because the cream contains collagen! The only logical and proven way to increase collagen is to stimulate and increase your bodies own production of this protein. to do that it needs the elements we looked at in our previous sections: i. e. Oxygen Hydrogen – Carbon Karin Herzog products deliver 2 out of 3 of these elements, and the 3rd, Carbon, comes from your diet and then needs the other 2 to function fully. Applied correctly and regularly you can be assured that you are replacing the vital elements needed to maintain a healthy and active skin. Because of this results from Herzog are Cumulative. the skin just keeps on getting better and better until its the best your skin can be. Many clients report that their skin has got USED to the product they use and so its not working any more. This does not and can not happen with Herzog. The skin recognises and welcomes the delivery of essential elements and goes to work with them. Now thats Common sense, science and unique!