SOC 331 week 5 discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOC 331 week 5 discussions - Essay Example Application of an umbrella cover of distributive justice is seen to be in violation of certain clauses of the constitution like the eighth amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment (Dreisbach, 2013). Drawing inference from the case of Miller v. Alabama, the application of retributive justice demanded the Miller, a fourteen year old boy be tried with the charges of arson and capital crime in the same capacity as an adult. The application of retributive justice does not consider an individuals mental status when committing a crime, thus proposes a blanket cover with which justice is administered equally for equal crime. Application of a mandatory life without parole that is applicable in distributive justice can thus be said to be unjust, as it does not give opportunity for the offender to be cross-examined to ascertain the real intentions of committing a crime (Dreisbach, 2013). According to the constitution, application of retributive justice is significant as it is based on ensuring that commitment of crimes of the same nature like the one that attracted a capital punishment will prevent commitment of future crimes by the potential offenders. Severe punishment acts as psychological negative stimulant to avoidance of the crime. Nevertheless, application of retributive justice will infringe the rights of the citizens especially the juvenile who are life sentenced without parole. These persons will be denied an opportunity for proper development. Application of retributive justice can be just or unjust depending on the situation when the justice is administered. Taking the situation of Karla Faye Tucker, corrective justice as an alternative theory to retributive justice demands that there should be fair compensation to the offender and the victim of a crime without gain for either side. Nevertheless, the victim of Karla had died and could not be compensated. In this regard, corrective justice requires correctional measures to be taken

What is collagen Essay Example for Free

What is collagen Essay Collagen is a simple protein made up of amino-acids. Amino acids are built from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. In fact collagen makes up approximately 30% of the protein within the body. As a structure Collagen is intensely strong and is a vital protein that is found all over the body: In tendons and ligaments. It plays an important role in the protection function of the skin in that it helps limit the absorption and spreading of pathogenic substances, environmental toxins, micro organisms and cancerous cells. Why do we need collagen?  Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue and is responsible for: skin firmness, skin moisturisation, skin suppleness, constant renewal of skin cells. Research proves explicitly that the skin ageing process occurs in connective tissue, whose main ingredient is collagen. Collagen is vital for skin elasticity, which is essential for the flexibility of the skin without stretching. It allows our skin to constantly expand and contract without looking like a well worn, well loved old cardigan than has stretched beyond recognition. Skin loses its elasticity and ability to expand because of the decreasing ability to retain water. When elasticity is compromised, when we put on excessive weight, or we are pregnant, the elastin fibres are really under pressure and the result can mean stretch marks. Like Love and marriage, Laurel and Hardy, and Yin and Yang, both collagen and elastin fibres support and need each other. Because of this dependency upon each other, it is important to build both not just one, for real and best results. It is therefore important, that, to facilitate increased Collagen production within the skin, we need to ensure that we have increased elastin fibres, water and energy. The synthesis of collagen requires a high level of atmospheric oxygen. The collagen in these types of products are going to do nothing more than moisturize the skin. Collagen cannot be absorbed by the skin. Collagens dependency on Oxygen As mentioned in the section What is collagen† we already know Collagen is a simple protein made up of amino-acids, and that Amino acids are built from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. It is therefore true to say that, in order for collagen to be produced, the body needs sufficient supply of all of these 3 fundamental elements. Let look closer at how the body actually receives these elements and begin to appreciate what we can do to help ourselves. Hydrogen (H) a macronutrient It would be virtually impossible to understate the importance of this element to human life. First of all, water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). We can survive years, or at least months without getting most of the other elements that we need to survive. We can survive weeks without food, but we would die after only a few days without water. Water is incredibly important in our bodies. In fact, almost 70% of our body is made of water. It dissolves other life-supporting substances and transports them to fluids in and around our cells. It is also a place in which important reactions take place in our bodies. Chemically, water is a remarkable substance and its many unique attributes make life possible. Hydrogen is obviously a critical component of water and minute chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds are what give water many of its unique attributes. Also, hydrogen is practically always bound to the carbon that our bodies are constructed of. Without this arrangement, our bodies would be little more than a pile of atoms on the ground. Stomach acid is a compound of hydrogen and chlorine (hydrochloric acid, or HCl). Logically, hydrogen is extremely important in allowing us to digest our food properly and to absorb the many other elements that we need to survive. Finally, many chemical reactions that make life possible involve the hydrogen ion. Without this unique and important element, we simply couldnt exist. Karin Herzog products based on the original and ground-breaking formulas of her Late Husband, Dr Paul Herzog, have been clinically proven to deliver additional water directly into the skin. This is no mean feat and is something that most other skin care product try to achieve to lesser or greater extent. Herzog remains the world’s only product to deliver not just oxygen but water deep into the skin. We can legally claim that we oxygenate the tissues as we have passed the necessary clinical testings by a recognised European testing laboratory. Using Herzog gives you peace of mind and assurance that the product you invest in, is doing what it is supposed to do and is a major benefit to the skin. Carbon (C) a macronutrient The element carbon is perhaps the single most important element to life. Virtually every part of our bodies is made with large amounts of this element. The carbon atom is ideal to build big biological molecules. The carbon atom can be thought of as a basic building block. These building blocks can be attached to each other to form long chains, or they can be attached to other elements. This can be difficult to imagine at first, but it may help to think about building with Lego blocks. You can think of carbon as a bunch of red Lego blocks attached together to form one long chain of Legos. Now, you can imagine sticking yellow, blue and green Legos across the tops of the red (carbon) Legos. These other colours represent other elements like oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen. As you stick more and more of these yellow, blue and green Legos to the red chain, it would start to look like a skeleton of Legos with a spine of red Legos and bones of yellow, blue and green Legos. This is a lot like the way that big molecules are made in the body. Without carbon, these big molecules could not be built. Now, virtually every part of your body is made up of these big molecules that are based around chains of carbon atoms. This is the reason we are known as carbon based life forms. Without carbon, our bodies would just be a big pile of loose atoms with no way to be built into a person. Carbohydrates are simple sugars, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The body gets carbon therefore from a good diet because carbon atoms always bond to hydrogen atoms, using Herzog which delivers additional water allows more carbon to be transported, Oxygen (O) a macronutrient It may seem obvious that people need to breathe oxygen to survive, but plants need this element too. Many people think plants breathe carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen. But in reality, plants also breathe oxygen at certain times. Without oxygen, plants could not survive. Without plants, we wouldnt have food to eat. Plants do provide the oxygen and the earths atmosphere is made up of approximately 20% Oxygen. However in polluted areas like major inner-cities, this oxygen count is depleting and the air quality is compromised. Oxygen is the regulator within our bodies. It fights infection and bacteria. Oxygen has a stimulating effect on the 10 systems of the body and is used as the fuel and energy. Oxygen plays a vital role in the breathing processes and in the metabolism of the living organisms. Appropriate levels of oxygen are vital to support cell respiration. Oxygen plays an important role in the energy metabolism of living organisms. The living cell is the site of tremendous biochemical activity called metabolism This is the process of chemical and physical change which goes on continually in the human body: build-up of new tissue, replacement of old tissue, conversion of food to energy, disposal of waste materials, reproduction all the activities that we characterize as life. All functions of our body are regulated by oxygen. It must be replaced every moment because 90% of our lives depend on it. Oxygen energizes cells so they can regenerate. Our body uses oxygen to metabolise food and to eliminate toxins and waste through oxidation. Our brain needs oxygen each second to process information. All of our organs need a great deal of oxygen to function efficiently. The ability to think ,feel ,move eat, sleep and even talk all depend on energy generated from oxygen. Oxygen is the only element capable of combining with almost every other element to form the essentials components necessary to build and maintain our body. For example oxygen + nitrogen+ hydrogen= protein : oxygen+ carbon+ hydrogen=carbohydrates : oxygen +hydrogen=water. How important is oxygen to a healthy body? Many experts conclude that a lack of oxygen in human cells and tissue is linked to a vast variety of and quite possibly all health problems and disease, and that supplemental oxygen therapies have remarkable physiological benefits. It plays a very important role in the body acting as guardian and protector against unfriendly bacteria and disease organism. Most scientists and doctors reiterate that metabolic disorders are the result of blood deficient in oxygen. When you consider the full importance of oxygen, it becomes clear that this versatile element is the single most important substance to life. Karin Herzog products based on the original and ground-breaking formulas of her Late Husband, Dr Paul Herzog, have been clinically proven to deliver additional Oxygen directly into the skin. This is no mean feat and is something that most other skin care products try to emulate. Herzog remains the worlds only product to deliver not just oxygen but water and vitamins deep into the skin. We can legally claim that we oxygenate the tissues as we have passed the necessary clinical testings by a recognised European testing laboratory. Using Herzog gives you peace of mind and assurance that the product you invest in, is doing what it is supposed to do and is a major benefit to the skin. Replace, increase and then keep topping up the vital life line elements for your cells ( including the skin ) that age, environment and modern living take out on a daily basis. To have peace of mind that that is in fact what you are doing it is good to know Herzog is logical, reliable and developed and supported by Specialists, clinicians and Doctors. Can the skin absorb collagen from a cream? Well not one to beat around the bush and wanting so much to educate and give people the facts to enable YOU the consumer to make an educated choice about what you spend your hard earned cash on. Here we go ‘It is impossible for your skin to absorb collagen from a cream that is placed topically onto the skin. ’ Fact! That means that any product you buy that purports to increase your collagen production by pushing collagen from the cream into the skin, is making a false claim. t best they can only moisturise the skin, which yes is important and beneficial but then lots of things do that and you don’t need to spend incredible amounts of money because the cream contains collagen! The only logical and proven way to increase collagen is to stimulate and increase your bodies own production of this protein. to do that it needs the elements we looked at in our previous sections: i. e. Oxygen Hydrogen – Carbon Karin Herzog products deliver 2 out of 3 of these elements, and the 3rd, Carbon, comes from your diet and then needs the other 2 to function fully. Applied correctly and regularly you can be assured that you are replacing the vital elements needed to maintain a healthy and active skin. Because of this results from Herzog are Cumulative. the skin just keeps on getting better and better until its the best your skin can be. Many clients report that their skin has got USED to the product they use and so its not working any more. This does not and can not happen with Herzog. The skin recognises and welcomes the delivery of essential elements and goes to work with them. Now thats Common sense, science and unique!

My Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Teachers Education Progressivism Essay

My Teaching Philosophy If someone would have asked me one or two years ago what I wanted to do with my life, I would have said, â€Å"I have no clue, but I do know that I will never teach!† I have had that sentiment for as long as I can remember. But this year, I had to decide on a major. I looked at all the possibilities offered to me at Concord College and realized that education was the only one that suited me. I was still not sure if I wanted to pursue a career in education, but it at least gave me some classes to take. Throughout the spring semester I have been able to learn about the teaching profession and observe teachers in action. Add this to the past experiences I have had with teachers and school and I realized that teaching might not be that bad of an idea. To be a teacher is to be a life changer. In today’s society children are not give the best role models outside of home and sometimes even the ones at home are not up to par. Children are bombarded every day with images of violence, sex, drugs, and hatred. In a lot of cases what you see is what you get. Teachers today have a very unique role in the lives of their students. Either they can sit back and watch the children do as they please, or they can do something and help the child get the proper training needed for a successful adult life. True, most teachers are not going to teach a subject in which the students need to make life altering decisions, but a good teacher will help lay the groundwork needed for that child to make such decisions in their future. There is no question to me that teachers are life changers. It happens too often that a teacher has to talk a student out of something terrible. The subject that the teacher will teach ... ...n to better myself in this profession. Even with the PhD. I would still like to teach in public schools because I have a passion for sports and coaching. I plan on coaching at some level in the public school system. If for some reason that does not work, I would love to someday be a professor of history at a college or university. I want to be a teacher to change the lives of children. I want to be a good role model for the students I teach. I hope that the material they get from my teaching will help them in their lives at some point in the future. The most important job in the world besides being a parent is not the president of the United States, or the president of a major cooperation, it is a teacher. Single handedly these people shape the lives of the presidents, lawyers, doctors, etc. If it were not for teachers, there would not be anyone else.

Magnet Status Essay

A Magnet Recognition Program recognizes health care organizations for quality patient care, nursing excellence and innovations in professional nursing practice. Consumers rely on Magnet designation as the ultimate credential for high quality nursing (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2008). Magnet status is becoming the â€Å"gold standard† for nursing excellence and as more hospitals seek the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s desired Magnet recognition, more hospitals are requiring their nurses to either return to school for their bachelor’s degrees or have a BSN before applying. The Institute of Medicine, Future of Nursing Initiative recommended that organizations should strive to achieve 80% BSN prepared nurses by 2020. Educational criteria for nurse leaders and managers require at least a BSN (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Magnet hospitals are an inspiration for nurses looking for a quality institution in which to practice. This status translates into a hospital that values nurses and promotes excellence. Nurses play a significant role in the whole hospital experience for patients and their families. They are the primary source of care and support during some of the most vulnerable times in a person’s life. Studies show Magnet hospitals have higher percentages of satisfied registered nurses, lower turnover and vacancy, improved clinical outcomes, greater nurse autonomy, and improved patient satisfaction (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2008). When nurses are happier and more engaged, patients and families are happier. At Magnet hospitals, nurses are able to spend more one-on-one time with their patients providing compassionate care than at most other hospitals. This doesn’t mean that nurses at other hospitals provide poor care, this is not the case at all, but the nurse-to-patient ratios at a Magnet Hospital is more manageable. This allows the nurse to have more time with each patient, instead of running around trying to take care of an excessive amount of patients, it is unrealistic for a nurse to have one-on-one time with so many patients, when she has to do assessments, pass  medication, and everything else that comes up during a shift. Hospitals that achieve Magnet recognition, display it proudly and there is good reason for this. Magnet status does not come easily, it’s a lengthy and costly process. Hospitals must work hard, prove a deep commitment to nursing, and often undergo major organizational change to meet the strict requirements (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2008). Since Magnet hospitals are designated for four years, Magnet recognition must be maintain. This is an ongoing process in which the organization will repeatedly review and revise its programs. One of the Forces of Magnetism that provides the conceptual framework for the Magnet appraisal process is Quality Improvement . Nurses play a key role in Quality Improvement as they are essential to hospitalized patient care, they spend the most time at the patient’s bedside and are in the best position to affect the care patients receive during a hospital stay. Hospitals face increasing demands to participate in a wide range of quality improvement activities, and they are reliant on nurses to help address these demands (Draper, 2008). Quality Improvement information pressures hospitals not only to participate by reporting, but also to perform well relative to competitors and show improvement. This is often one of the incentives behind hospitals seeking Magnet Program status (Draper, 2008). Another Force of Magnetism is Professional Development. The health care organization values and supports the personal and professional growth and development of staff (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2008). Yale-New Haven Hospital is continually developing and enforcing quality and safety measures aimed at pre venting and minimizing errors at all levels of the organization. One of the Quality Initiatives is minimizing infections. This is done by maintaining good hand hygiene. Good hand hygiene is an important and effective way to prevent germs being spread in the hospital. Yale-New Haven Hospital, makes sure that sinks, soaps and alcohol-based sanitizers are readily available throughout the hospital for patients, staff and visitors. An audit for hand hygiene performance is done and the information obtained is used to make improvements. Another way to minimize infection is by maintaining isolation precautions in place when necessary, this is to protect patients, staff and visitors. Everyone must follow any precautions listed on the sign outside the patient’s room. Yale-New Haven Hospital has a quality assurance team  that continually monitors and measures performance across the entire Yale New Haven Health system. They evaluate and survey patients and staff at all levels to create hospital â€Å"scorecards.† They also rely on reporting from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and The Joint Commission. Performance reports and scores are circulated to leadership, physicians, nurses, administrators, and other key staff members so they can monitor progress and make informed decisions on where and how improvements should be made. The benefit of this is that when problems are identified, they investigate the causes and adjust practices to prevent the problem from happening again. This helps to maintain a culture of safety and continuous improvement (Yale New Haven Hospital, 2014). After writing this paper, I’ve realized that continuing my education and getting my Baccalaureate degree in nursing, whether mandated or not, will open many doors in my future career as a nurse. Achieving higher educational goals not only serves patients more effectively, it also prepares nurses to be leaders in their profession and to participate not only in direct patient care, but also in policy and governance as a career unfolds. References American Nurses Credentialing Center â€Å"Magnet Recognition Program.† American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2008 available at http://www.nursecredentialing.org/Magnet/ accessed Apr 15, 2014. Draper, DA., Felland, LE., Liebhaber, A. and Melichar, L. (2008, March). The Role of Nurses in Hospital Quality Improvement, available at http://www.hschange.org/CONTENT/972/ accessed April 25, 2014. The Future of Nursing: Focus on Education – Institute of Medicine. (2010, October). Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health/Report-Brief-Education.aspx/ accessed April 15, 2014 Yale-New Haven Hospital How & Why We Measure Performance. Retrieved from http://www.ynhh.org/patient-information/minimizing_infections.aspx accessed Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Array

C++ provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type. Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, †¦ , and number99, you declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and †¦ , numbers[99] to represent individual variables.A specific element in an array is accessed by an index. All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element. Declaring Arrays: To declare an array in C++, the programmer specifies the type of the elements and the number of elements required by an array as follows: type arrayName [ arraySize ];| This is called a single-dimension array. The arraySize must be an integer constant greater than zero and type c an be any valid C++ data type.For example, to declare a 10-element array called balance of type double, use this statement: double balance[10];| Initializing Arrays: You can initialize C++ array elements either one by one or using a single statement as follows: double balance[5] = {1000. 0, 2. 0, 3. 4, 17. 0, 50. 0};| The number of values between braces { } can not be larger than the number of elements that we declare for the array between square brackets [ ].Following is an example to assign a single element of the array: If you omit the size of the array, an array just big enough to hold the initialization is created. Therefore, if you write: double balance[] = {1000. 0, 2. 0, 3. 4, 17. 0, 50. 0};| You will create exactly the same array as you did in the previous example. balance[4] = 50. 0;| The above statement assigns element number 5th in the array a value of 50. 0. Array with 4th index will be 5th ie. last element because all arrays have 0 as the index of their first element w hich is also called base index.Following is the pictorial representaion of the same array we discussed above: Accessing Array Elements: An element is accessed by indexing the array name. This is done by placing the index of the element within square brackets after the name of the array. For example: double salary = balance[9];| The above statement will take 10th element from the array and assign the value to salary variable. Following is an example which will use all the above mentioned three concepts viz. eclaration, assignment and accessing arrays: #include using namespace std; #include using std::setw; int main (){ int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers // initialize elements of array n to 0 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { n[ i ] = i + 100; // set element at location i to i + 100 } cout

Jay Gatsby †Victimized by the American Dream

Jay Gatsby – Victimized by the American Dream Free Online Research Papers The American Dream is a dream about possibilities, and a desire for success. In the eyes of the dreamer, the goal is to work hard to attain the end prize. Sometimes the prize is money, sometimes it is love; regardless of what the prize, the dreamer works hard to reach this goal. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is driven by his desire to achieve the American Dream. Unfortunately, Gatsby’s drive to achieve the dream also results in him falling victim to it. Essentially, Gatsby falls victim to the American Dream because he is forced to face the reality that his dream is just that, a dream that is out of reach and unrealistic. The main elements of Gatsby’s American Dream are: love, wealth and popularity/status. Through these concepts, Gatsby both attains and falls victim to them in his quest to fulfill his dream, the American Dream. There are many elements of the American Dream. Each dream is unique, depending on who the dream belongs to. One common element of the American Dream is to attain a great deal of wealth. Gatsby becomes primarily motivated to fulfill this dream in knowing that ‘Rich girls don’t marry poor boys’. It is this knowledge and insight that propels Gatsby to invest in his American Dream. Gatsby knows that to attain his dream he needs money and wealth. Gatsby grew up in North Dakota and did have any connections, neither money nor education. He spent his youth training for his â€Å"Big Break†. Highly motivated, he had a plan to escape his life in North Dakota. Gatsby was resentful of his parents and their poverty. â€Å"His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all.†(Fitzgerald 9.) Gatsby’s desire to escape the poverty and limits of his upbringing was so powerful that he would pretend to not belong to his family. Gatsby’s opportunity to get out of his small family farm and into wealth occurs when he encounters a man by the name of Dan Cody. Dan Cody teaches Gatsby the ‘Tricks of the Trade’, skills he could use with a bootlegging business. With this new job, Gatsby is suddenly given the opportunity to meet his goal in the quickest and easiest way (even though it was illegal). Gatsby’s decision to partic ipate in this illegal trade shows how strong of a desire he has to reach his dream. Gatsby proves that he has attained a great deal of wealth when he invests in his large elegant mansion. Gatsby’s mansion is a key symbol of aspiration reflecting Gatsby’s successes as an American self made man for owning a large house in the 1920’s was an outward sign of material success. Gatsby’s status of wealth is so extreme, others describe it as: â€Å"†¦ a colossal affair by any standard- it was a factual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool, and more than forty acres of lawn and garden. It was Gatsby’s mansion.†(Fitzgerald 11) Gatsby’s mansion is proof of his wealth and status which in time helps him achieve one element of his American Dream.Gatsby is a very proper man who, on the outside, shows a persona of wealth and success. He wears clothes that are reflective of his wealth (specifically his silk shirts) which are noticed by many people. Gatsby’s ‘Golden Girl’, Daisy, said that she felt overwhelmed with emotion as a reaction to his clothes. â€Å"It makes me sad because Ive never seen such such beautiful shirts before.(Fitzgerald 94). Gatsby’s silk shirts are a representation of his wealth, and proof that he has achieved a portion of his American Dream. The extravagances of Gatsby’s parties also illustrate how much wealth he has accumulated and how much of it he is willing to share. Gatsby pays for all his guests’ wild times which, in turn, shows that his wealth all the more apparent. People from all over the neighbourhood knew about his parties, for they were so large that neighbours would reflect and think about them long after they were over. Nick Carraway, Gatsby’s neighbour observed the following: â€Å"There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and he champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his motor-boats slid the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week-ends his Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing-brushes and hammersand garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before†. (Fitzgerald 41) Clearly Gatsby’s parties are memorable, and illustrate to everyone that attended and heard about them that Gatsby is enormously wealthy. Gatsby shows off his wealth through materialistic objects in his house, especially with his massive library. In the 1920’s it was common that rich people would fill their libraries up with artificial books; Gatsby, however, proves his status of wealth with real books. A guest from one of Gatsby’s parties makes the following observation about his books: Absolutely real have pages and everything. I thought theyd be a nice durable cardboard. Matter of fact, theyre absolutely real. Pages and Here! Lemme show you. (Fitzgerald 47). The discovery of these actual books, and the apparent excitement the guest has, demonstrate the enormous wealth that is obvious to Gatsby’s neighbours and party goers. Although Gatsby attains wealth, he also falls victim to this element of his dream through the methods and ways he came into his money. Gatsby was raised in a morally correct family and he was brought up with the values and knowledge of right from wrong, however to achieve his dream Gatsby chose to go against his morals and values, by earning his money illegally through bootlegging. Gatsby’s true identity is bought forward by Tom Buchanan who says: He and this Wolfshiem bought up a lot of sidestreet drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter. Thats one of his little stunts. I picked him for a bootlegger the first time I saw him and I wasnt far wrong.(Fitzgerald ..) The way that Gatsby makes his money is what makes him a victim of the American Dream; It is because he sacrifices his values in the process. It is because of Gatsby’s desire to live his American Dream, he then overlooks his morals and knowledge of right an wrong. It is more important for Gatsby to become a success, and reach his American Dream, than to live by the standards he knows. Therefore, the decay of his morals are part of what makes Gatsby a victim to his American Dream. Secondly, Gatsby attains another important element of his American Dream, popularity. He has a certain status in society which he has personally built, showing of his hard-working nature to achieve his dream. Popularity and status is a part of his dream because he wants to belong to the East Eggers, which represents old money and a high social status. Gatsby throws wild and crazy parties every Saturday night at his mansion in West Egg and guests are catered to with food and liquors, and also treated to an orchestra of music. Because Gatsby’s parties are so grand, this makes him a very popular man. Gatsby’s house is the place to be every Saturday night, and guests simply ‘show up’, knowing that he will have a fabulous party planned. Gatsby throws these parties because he believes that they will help him achieve popularity and a high social status. This is a very important part of Gatsby’s American Dream. Therefore, the popularity and success that Gatsby gains because of his huge parties demonstrate that he has successfully attained that part of his American Dream. Gatsby falls victim to the ‘popularity’ element of his dream because his desire to be so popular and accepted by those who have a high social status leads to people who are attending his parties to take advantage of him. They use him for his house, his cars and his beach. I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsbys house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited they went there. They got in to automobiles which bore them out to Long Island, and some how they eneded up at Gatsby’s door†¦ Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission†(Fitzgerald 43) This first hand account of how guests came and went to his parties uninvited, and did not even know Gatsby, illustrate how he is victimized as a result of his search for popularity and high social status. Therefore, Gatsby falls victim to this part of his American Dream because it creates an environment where he is used and manipulated by those who attended. His party goers came to his parties because of the free food and liquor, not because they truly wanted to become friends with Gatsby. That is how Gatsby becomes a victim to the American Dream. Another way that Gatsby falls victim to the American Dream is through personal attacks in the form of rumours. In reality, very few people personally know Gatsby, and some people start rumours about him. One party guest said: Hes a bootlegger.One time he killed a man who found out that he was nephew to Von Hindenburg and second cousin to the devil.' (Fitzgerald 61). There is a lot of questions about who Gatsby is amongst his party guest, because most have never met him before. They make rumours up to fill their imagination of whom this man could possibly be, as he has such wealth that he can throw such extravagant parties. Therefore, Gatsby is victimized by the American Dream because he is attacked personally in the shape of rumours and lies that others spread about him. These lies are created and spread because of his wealth and popularity, and his success with attaining that part of his American Dream. People who are jealous of his successes are driven by this jealousy to hurt Gatsby in any way they can. The rumours that are created as a result of Gatsby’s popularity contribute to his victimization because of the American Dream. When Nick Caraway invites Wolfshiem, someone who has spent a great deal of time with Gatsby, to Gatsby’s funeral, he (Wolfshiem) comments that he does not want to go: When a man gets killed I never like to get mixed up in it in any way. I keep out. When I was a young man it was differentI stuck with them to the endLet us learn to show friendship for a man when he is alive and not after he is dead. (Fitzgerald 173) This attitude demonstrates another way that Gatsby is victimized by the American Dream. It appears as if Gatsby is a popular man, well liked by many, when he is alive. However, when he is killed, and his friend refuses to pay his respect, true feelings are revealed. This lack of desire to show respect to Gatsby proves that Wolfshiem, like many others, were not really Gatsby’s friends after all. Infact, they used and manipulate Gatsby to get what they want. And when they cannot get any more out of him, they walk away. Therefore, Gatsby is victimized by the American Dream because he is abandoned by his ‘friends’. Their true desire to simply use Gatsby, and not be a true friend becomes clear. These people who associate with Gatsby, and attend his parties do not really care for him. Gatsby is successful in achieving a high social status, which is a large part of his American Dream. Gatsby works hard to achieve his high social status. He wants to become like the notorious East Eggers. What Gatsby discovers about the status he manages to achieve is that it ends up not being ‘the right one’. Gatsby strives to be accepted by the more ‘fashionable’ side of upper East Egg, while he represents West Egg. The difference is that the East Eggers are considered the highest social standard. They come from ‘old money’, where their wealth has been inherited, and usually not worked for. The West Eggers are people who make their own large fortunes, but they lack the traditions that come with inherited wealth. The West Eggers have to work for their money, and their wealth lacks the history that the East Eggers have. The East Eggers, represented in The Great Gatsby by the Buchanans, have the inherited traditions that come with wealth . Due to their inherited traditions, the East Eggers naturally disregard any change in the social hierarchy as a threat to the entire structure of society. Gatsby strives to be accepted by the old money but fails to do so. For example when Tom and Daisy Buchanan come to one of Gatsby’s parties that he throws specifically to try and ‘woo’ them, his efforts fall short of their high standards: â€Å"But the rest offended her-and inarguably, because it wasnt a gesture but an emotion. She was appalled by West Egg, this unprecedented ‘place.’ that Broadway had begotten upon a Long Island fishing village-appalled by its raw vigor that chafed under the old euphemisms and by the too obtrusive fate that herded its inhabitants along a short-cut from nothing to nothing. She saw something awful in the very simplicity she failed to understand†.(Fitzgerald 164) The people gathered at Gatsbys house were not particularly well known, and they behaved openly, in a manner that is not traditionally accepted by old money. This demonstrates another way that Gatsby is victimized by his dream of popularity and social status because his goal of fitting in with the old money simply was unattainable. Therefore, Gatsby is victimized because he is disappointed that, despite his hard work and effort, he is not, and will never be, accepted into the high social status that he wants so desperately to belong to. Finally, Gatsby attains his final and very important part of his American Dream, his quest for love. Gatsby focuses and obsesses about Daisy and the commitment they had given to one another before he went off to war. Gatsby met Daisy, the love of his life, when he was a youth, and he never forgot his first love. Before he went off to war, Daisy had promised Gatsby she would wait for his return. However, Daisy breaks her promise and marries the wealthy Tom Buchanan. Gatsby believes that this agreement they made to meet again will last. Gatsby goes to great lengths to reach his dream of being with Daisy. He buys a large mansion across the lake from her, and throws large parties (hoping she will wander through his doors). Gatsby longs for Daisy’s love and this obsession of Gatsby’s is a driving force for him; his love and desire for Daisy is the ultimate prize, the final piece to his American Dream. Therefore, Gatsby represents the American Dream with this element becaus e it (true love) is his driving force. The American Dream is about reaching goals, and stopping at nothing until you get them. Gatsby’s drive and ambition to attain this goal makes him relentless. He represents the American Dream because of the force that drives him to reach it; Gatsby is motivated and focused on getting his prize, his first true love Daisy. While Gatsby is driven to achieve this element of his American Dream, to reconnect with his love Daisy, it results in Gatsby becoming a victim. In their youth, despite knowing they could not marry due to differences in social classes, they still allowed their love to flourish. When Gatsby returns home from the war, he spends the next five years acquiring money to meet and exceed Daisy’s economic standards, in hopes of winning her back. ’Oh, you want too much!’ she cried to Gatsby. ‘I love you now – isn’t that enough? I can’t help what’s past.’ She began to sob helplessly. ‘I did love him once – but I loved you too.’ Gatsby’s eyes opened and closed. ‘You loved me TOO?’ he repeated. (Fitzgerald 126) Daisy, in revealing that she indeed loves both her husband and Gatsby, hurts Gatsby more than Daisy can comprehend. In Gatsby’s opinion, Daisy has betrayed him, as she states that she loves both Gatsby and Tom (her husband). Therefore, Gatsby is victimized by the American Dream when he discovers that his one true love does not love him back the way that he loves her. This particularly hurts Gatsby as his whole focus or drive to attain his American Dream is to win his ‘golden girl’, Daisy Buchanan. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby attains the American Dream and is victimized by it. His American Dream consists of attaining wealth, popularity and love. Although he gains all three of his desires, he also becomes victimized either through them, or as a direct result of them. First, Gatsby desires to find wealth. He reaches his goal, but then becomes a victim through people manipulating him and taking advantage of his wealth and generosity. Additionally, Gatsby desires to integrate into a high social status. Although he reaches this goal, he becomes victim to the goal because the status he attains is not ‘good enough’. Finally, Gatsby’s ultimate prize is about love. Although he achieves this goal, and his true love expresses her love for him, she also tells him that she loves another man. Therefore, Gatsby falls victim to this part of his American Dream because his love is not satisfied. In conclusion, Gatsby attains the elements of his America n Dream, expecting the Dream to be fulfilled. However, what he discovers is that the American Dream is a dream, not a reality. A dream cannot come true – because if it did, it would no longer be a dream. Therefore, F. Scott Fitzgerald successfully portrays Gatsby as a character who both attains the American Dream and becomes victimized by it. Research Papers on Jay Gatsby - Victimized by the American DreamMind TravelThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWHip-Hop is ArtNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on Children

Why Marijuana over Tobacco †English Persuasive Essay

Why Marijuana over Tobacco – English Persuasive Essay Free Online Research Papers Why Marijuana over Tobacco English Persuasive Essay About 50 percent of incoming college freshmen have admitted to using marijuana. And about 40 percent of them smoke it on a regular basis. The question is why is marijuana illegal and tobacco legal? Marijuana has been known as a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it leads to use of other harder drugs. This is not true. It truly depends on the person whether they are going to do other drugs. People who smoke marijuana do not have a higher chance of getting addicted or even trying cocaine or heroin than non-users. Many negative facts have been told of marijuana, mostly by the tobacco industry, which are false. Why is the tobacco industry so concerned with marijuana and its negative effects? It is because the tobacco industry is trying to take some of the attention off of their product and point the finger at marijuana. Marijuana is healthier, safer, and has more medical use than tobacco does. Most illegal drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, are mixed with many different chemicals, but not marijuana. Marijuana is grown from the ground. No chemicals are added during or after the growing process, just sunlight and water is needed for the plant to grow. Once the plant reaches its peak, it is taken down and hung up to dry for a long period of time. After that it is ready to be enjoyed and smoked by its users. But in tobacco they mix in many unneeded harmful chemicals. One of these chemicals is nicotine, which is highly addictive. This is the chemical that keeps the tobacco smokers coming back for more, and more, which keeps the tobacco companies happy and well paid. You may ask, why is this chemical in tobacco? The reason is just so tobacco users cannot quit smoking when they try, but are stuck smoking until they die. Today millions of young kids, teens, and adults are addicted physically to tobacco and yet it is impossible to become physically addicted to marijuana. Physical addiction is where the body thinks it needs the nicotine to survive, so when you just stop the body is not used to not having it in your system and withdrawal symptoms may occur. When one tries to stop the use of tobacco products withdrawal symptoms may occur including rapid pulse, increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea, physical agitations, anxiety, illusions, and seizures (Internet Mental Health). These symptoms may occur for months after stopping the use of tobacco. Also, tobacco also leaves radioactive materials in your lungs, which over time is what causes cancer (Erowid). No radioactive materials are present in marijuana smoke. The tar in marijuana smoke only contains 33% as much tar as tobacco (Erowid). Also when marijuana is smoked, it breaks down other tars in your lungs, including other marijuana and tobacco tars. Tobacco makes the lungs air passages smaller and cause them to constrict, unlike marijuana. Continuous tobacco use causes the air passage ways to eventually close up making it impossible to breath. And in the end tobacco kill you. Another negative effect of nicotine is that it causes negative effects on the heart and circulatory systems. What the nicotine does is causes the veins and arteries in your body to constrict (Erowid). This may lead to a stroke or heart attack. Tobacco use causes the body many problems. There has never been an overdose of marijuana. To overdose on marijuana you would have to smoke over a pound in an hour of high quality marijuana. That is physically impossible. This is true because the active chemical in marijuana is THC. â€Å"THC is one of the few chemicals for which there is no known toxic amount† (Lycaeum), meaning content of THC in marijuana is not high enough to cause death. Tobacco, on the other hand, can kill a person by an overdose. People have managed to overdose by using dermal patches and smoking tobacco at the same time (Erowid). Nicotine is a dangerous drug and should not be used at all. Medical marijuana has been used for years. It has been found as far back as 1,600 years ago. Marijuana was used for many different reasons. Patients suffering from glaucoma may receive marijuana to ease the pain in the eyes. For patients in chemotherapy marijuana has been used to give them their appetites back and reduce the nausea (Erwoid). People with severe headaches may also be prescribed marijuana. Marijuana can be used on patients with sleeping or eating disorders too. Yet in most states it is illegal to even prescribe marijuana. But yet in 1988 our own DEA’s administrative Judge Frances Young said, â€Å"Marijuana is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man.† He also said â€Å"marijuana in its natural form is far safer than many foods we commonly consume† (National Academy Press). Tobacco has no medical uses at all. Some say it relieves stress and helps reduce the appetite. Other than that, tobacco has no use of any kin d at all. Many people think that marijuana makes you less intelligent. The largest study of cannabis to date showed that they are wrong. It was proven that heavy long-term users scored slightly higher on IQ tests, had a lower illness rate, lower chance of developing cancer, and an increased life span compared to non-users (Erowid). So smoking some marijuana before a test actually will increase your ability to think. In fact, it said the cannabis smokers have been known to outlive non-smokers by up to 2 years (Erowid). We have all heard that smoking cannabis causes Cancer. Not only is this a lie but also users of marijuana have lower rates of producing lung cancer then non-users. â€Å"Not one case of lung cancer has ever been successfully linked to marijuana use† (Erowid). In 1975 researchers at the Medical College of Virginia found that cannabis can help fight against benign and malignant cancers. This proves that marijuana does not cause cancer, but it could prevent or even cure it. What about tobacco though? Tobacco does cause lung cancer. Tobacco leaves tar in the lungs that are radioactive. These radioactive materials morph over time into very harmful materials that causes cancer to be produced (Erowid). Cannabis is the number one used illegal drugs. If it is not addictive then why do people who try it come back? This is because it is safer than all the other drugs. Cannabis has been used all over the world for many reasons. The Indians smoked it at ceremonies to relax and have a good time. Where legal, doctors prescribe it to their patients for a number of different reasons. Some famous artists and musicians use marijuana on a regular basis to enhance their creativity. Others just use it because they like to relax and have fun. Nothing is wrong with smoking marijuana for any reason at all, but using tobacco is just suicide. What you have been told in the past may contradict the facts about marijuana. Smoking tobacco makes no sense and needs to be stopped. So do not just stand there in the tobacco smoke filled room and get out and smoke some marijuana. Research Papers on Why Marijuana over Tobacco - English Persuasive EssayUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of India

10 Classes of Careless Usage

10 Classes of Careless Usage 10 Classes of Careless Usage 10 Classes of Careless Usage By Mark Nichol If you find yourself making any of the following types of errors, general or specific, brush up on your writing with grammar guides and usage handbooks and/or any or all of the other strategies mentioned at the end of this post. 1. Appending an s to words in which, in most usage, the letter should not be included (for example, regards, as in â€Å"in regards to†) or that, in American English, have dropped it altogether (backward). (Using the -st ending in such words as amidst and amongst is a similar sign of poor usage.) 2. Using the incorrect form of pronouns writing, for example, â€Å"My friend and myself† instead of â€Å"My friend and I† or â€Å"That happened to she and I at the same time† rather than â€Å"That happened to her and me at the same time.† (If you don’t like the way that sentence looks, either, write, â€Å"That happened to both of us at the same time.†) 3. Using unnecessarily complicated words or phrases in favor of simpler, well-established terms: utilize instead of use, â€Å"prior to† in place of before, subsequently instead of later. 4. Using nonwords: irregardless, supposably, theirselves. 5. Using plural forms of words instead of singular ones: â€Å"a criteria,† â€Å"a phenomena.† 6. Using less when fewer is appropriate: â€Å"There are less boxes than I thought† instead of â€Å"There are fewer boxes than I thought.† 7. Using euphemisms: â€Å"He passed away last year† instead of â€Å"He died last year.† 8. Using badly in place of bad in such sentences as â€Å"He feels badly about the decision.† 9. Adding extraneous prepositions: â€Å"That’s too small of a shirt for you.† 10. Employing erroneous wording of idiomatic phrases: â€Å"for all intensive purposes† instead of â€Å"for all intents and purposes.† So, how do you know if you’re making such mistakes? Printing this representative list out and tacking it up next to your computer is all well and good for reminding you about these ten pitfalls, but what about the hundreds of others that plague writers? A combination of strategies is called for: Do Your Homework Borrow or buy some of the books listed in the post I linked to in the first paragraph, or check out the resources reviewed on this site. You needn’t read these guides cover to cover; just browse each one to determine whether its content or presentation style is appropriate for you, then, a few pages at a time, work your way through the ones that work for you. Read Role Models Seek out high-quality prose: leading magazines and newspapers and great literature. You don’t have to give up reading your favorite blogs or pulp fiction (some of which is/are very well written), but divide your leisure reading between the exemplary and the acceptable so that you can distinguish between the two and recognize well-constructed prose. Go Back to School Take a writing or editing class, whether offered as part of a university’s regular curriculum or as a continuing-education course. Whether you earned an MA in literature is irrelevant. You probably didn’t focus on the mechanics of writing during your college years, but now it’s time to do so. Ask for Backup Get a friend or a colleague whose writing or editing skills you respect to look over shorter pieces for you and flag grammar and usage errors. (Emphasize that you’d like them to merely call out the problems; you’ll solve them.) This strategy doesn’t work if you’ve completed a novel or a thick report, unless you can pay or trade for services, but when applied to short stories or modest work projects, it will help you develop your skills. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Precedent vs. Precedence50 Synonyms for "Song"

Executive Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Executive Decision Making - Essay Example   It would be necessary before constructing a contract to determine whether the supplier will want such advances and then weigh this against operational costs of the business model. Furthermore, if the agreement between the supplier and the distributor is not going to be long-lived, contracts may ask for some variety of reimbursement related to the tooling costs to meet the distributor’s demand. This could be non-beneficial for a smaller organization that might be struggling to achieve profit. Any and all expenses must be considered before seeking foreign sourcing opportunities. If the supplier is chosen will be a partner for a multi-year relationship, then issues of potential pricing must be weighed before making this decision. Costs of manufacturing are influenced by changing labor wage rates and fluctuating prices of raw materials in the global supply chain. It can be difficult to establish an appropriate pricing agreement under a long duration contract as it is not easy to predict what costs will be incurred in the future. The vendor could, in the future, demand a higher price (which can be rejected by the distributor) which could terminate the contract. This would have disadvantages as it takes time for supplier partners to understand the needs of their client and alter manufacturing to fit distributor needs. Hence, in a price dispute, it could lead to further costs in identifying an alternative supplier. Additionally, product liability is a major concern for companies seeking overseas sourcing. There is a substantial risk that consumers purchasing products made in a foreign nation could have personal injuries as a result of using the foreign-made product or property damage if the product happens to be.

Personal Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Narrative - Essay Example At that time, I was stationed in Manhattan, KS and had to choose between Manhattan, Salina, and Topeka. Topeka and Manhattan were testing on the same days and as fate would have it, I decided to give Manhattan a try. Having no navigational skills in the city, I was first challenged in finding the testing site for the physical agility test. When I arrived at RCPD range were the recruitment was taking place, I was shocked to realize that I was going to be put up against other forty people who were competing for five or six slots. Once I got out of my truck and started talking to other hopeful applicants I became worried about the chances of success through the hiring process. I was confused on what would be my next step if I was not successful and was unable to secure a chance in the police department. I felt as though I was under qualified after finding out that 60%- 70% of the applicants had degrees in Criminal Justice. I thought for sure that college would be a major hiring point. I was determined to prove my ability and advantage over the graduates who lacked professional experience. The air was thin and cold on this particular day, making just breathing a chore. Gazing out at the course the towers were tall and a long climb, the walls were high with steep drops to the other side. For the agility test, the recruits were expected to run through tires and drag a 170 pound dummy had to a safe zone. I felt confident since I was still in the Army and was in the best cardiovascular condition in my life. The lieutenant introduced himself to the crowd and began explaining the course, at the end of his explanation and demonstration he asked for volunteers to go first. In my mind I thought it would be good to volunteer, but I had learned early on in the Army not to volunteer for anything. I held my ground and stayed back to gauge the motivated people stepping to the front. I watched several individuals run through the course until it was finally my turn. Once I stepped up to the starting line my adrenaline ran high and I felt unstoppable at that point. I had heard the fastest time was 2:09 through the course on this day and I was determined to beat it and set a new record. I took off up the steep flight of stairs and down the other side simulating a chase. I felt like a wild animal closing on my prey as I hopped the fence and dropped to the other side. Next I ran through a makeshift neighborhood setting and to a high wall I had to climb. Once at the top I ran down the steps and around the turnaround point. It was then that I realized how fast I was moving, I was flying through the course and hurting badly inside. Despite the difficulty, I knew I had to hold on for the next 30 seconds and I would have achieved my target. I ran to the shooting simulation and picked the bad guy out of the standup targets, ran to the dummy drag the 170 pounds 20 yards like a dog carries a flea on a daily basis. Once I was at the end of the line I heard the scorer yel l â€Å"2:03†, I had done it. On the finishing line, I felt proud to have achieved my target and was convinced that I had already secured the job. My score got beat by a fraction of a second later in the day, but I was still proud that I was able to overcome the pain to get to the finish

Cultural Retention in the Caribbean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural Retention in the Caribbean - Essay Example This paper tells that to Sheridan’s account, the sugar revolution, which was most evident in the history of Barbados, had caused the re-emigration of whites to other colonies and had brought in enslaved Africans in increased numbers. As oppressed peoples have always been able to retain aspects of their cultural traditions, perhaps, because it is their most basic way of resistance to oppression, African culture remains strong in the Caribbean despite the intrusive cultural forces of globalization – for example, â€Å"the massive influence of the US mass media†. As Hillman has described: â€Å"†¦ throughout history, the people of the Caribbean have been engaged in heroic struggles to liberate themselves from the structures and exploitation of colonialism, slavery, imperialism, neocolonialism, and dependency†. According to Brodber, the popularization of Justin Hinds’ ‘Carry Go Bring Come’ – a song of resistance against Western tyranny as background music at the political gatherings of the opposition party during the 1966-1967 election campaign - has demonstrated music can be an effective instrument for the reawakening of black consciousness. This has inspired young singers to fearlessly express their feelings leading to the popularization of ‘Africanized’ songs in Jamaica. What made these songs Africanized is not only their contents which openly persuade their listeners to accept the Rastafarian concept of black history – the dominant theme of Bob Marley’s music that has been gaining international recognition up till today – as well as their musical compositions, which are distinctively African: the beat (clave-rhythmic pattern), techniques (melisma and yodel), genres (blues, jazz, salsa, zouk, and rumba), instruments (drums, slit gongs, rattles, double bells) and style (festive and participatory). In his study of African music, Merriam attributed the most outstanding cha racteristic of African music to â€Å"its emphasis upon rhythm†¦ upon a percussive concept of musical performance†¦ simultaneous use of two or more meters†¦ use of hand-clapping as†¦ accompaniment to song†¦ presence of membranophones and idiophones as outstanding instruments of the orchestra, percussive intonation and attack†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Marx's objectives to individual rights Research Paper - 1

Marx's objectives to individual rights - Research Paper Example However, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are convinced otherwise, affirming that bourgeois private property is the final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products, that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few. 1 For them capitalism, which is based on the right to own private property, is beneficial only to the select few capitalists - or the bourgeoisie - who reap their benefits from the exploitation of the wage earners, the proletariat. For Marx and Engels, at least, private property rights protect the freedom of some but not only deny the freedom, but results in the exploitation, of many others. To understand this argument, it is necessary to have a first look at the basis of Marxs theory. Marx strongly believed that capitalist society consisted of two classes, the bourgeoisie, or the ruling class, and the proletariat, who are the exploited class: "To maintain its own existence private property must also maintain the existence of the property - less working class needed to run the factories. The proletariat is compelled, however, to abolish itself on account of its miserable condition. This will require the abolition of private property - both disappear in a new synthesis that will resolve the contradiction." 2 The employers, or the bourgeoisie, build up their wealth through the exploitation of their workers. Under capitalism workers essentially own their own labor which in one respect makes them free. However, although the workers are in charge of their own labor power, in the sense that it is not owned by a master or land owner, they are not free as they are forced to sell it out in order to survive. Instead of owning the product of their own labor, this instead goes to the capitalists who in turn retain a certain amount of the value of the product for themselves and their investment. Thus capital can be defined as accumulated labor.

One concept of small group communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

One concept of small group communication - Essay Example J. "Group Communication Across the Life Span." Managing Group Life: Communicating in Decision Making Groups. Boston: Houghton Miffling, 1997. 3+. Section One Summary of the Source: The main source used to discuss the concept of task within small group communication is a book titled â€Å"The Fundamentals of Small Group Communication† by Scott A. Myers and Carolyn M. Anderson. This book talks in detail about the very basics of what comprises a small group to detailed discussion on every thing from participation, ethics and personality traits of group members that are vital for effective small group communication. This book not just focuses on group characteristics but also looks at individual participation within the group, so as to give the reader a better understanding of what roles and responsiblities they have within the group and how it effects the group as a whole. Our focus remains on the importance of the task within the small group. The authors have highlighted the imp ortance of the task in the first chapter of the book that not only defines the concept but also goes into the detail of the different types of tasks that a group can face. The text also uses case studies to help the reader effectively understand what is being taught to them through the book. The book also cites the work of different authors on small group communication including research articles and journals that will be used in the next section of this essay where we will talk in detail about the contribution of the source to our understanding of the task within small group communication. Task is one of the primary features of small group communication, the other two being group size and interdependence (Myers and Anderson, 2008, pg. 7). Section 2 Task as a primary feature of small group communication: This section defines task and how it is one the key features in small group communication. A small group as defined by this text consists of â€Å"three or more people working inte redependently to accomplish a task† (Myers and Anderson, 2008, pg. 7). One needs to keep in mind that most research restricts this number to a maximum of fifteen members and not more (Socha, 1997). The importance of task is such that without a task the existence of the group is not required (Myers and Anderson, 2008, pg. 8). The very reason why the group comes together is in order to accomplish a given task. Task is defined as â€Å"an activity in which no externally correct decision exist and whose completion depends on member acceptance† (Fisher, 1971). There are two different types of tasks discussed by Myers and Anderson that basicaly determines how the work is divided between the members and how the communication needs to take place. The first type is the additive task whereby the work is divided among group members in a way that each is assigned an individual task which is eventually combined to create a final project (Myers and Anderson, 2008, pg. 8). The second type is the conjunctive task where coordination is required and all group members have to work in a combined manner to complete the task (Myers and Anderson, 2008, pg. 8). Interdependance although another primary feature of small group communication comes in to play at different stages within these two types of tasks. Whilst the former requires interdependance at a later stage when the work is being combined, within the conjunctive task interdependance needs to be there from the very beginning for coordination to be effective (Myers and Ander

Marx's objectives to individual rights Research Paper - 1

Marx's objectives to individual rights - Research Paper Example However, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are convinced otherwise, affirming that bourgeois private property is the final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products, that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few. 1 For them capitalism, which is based on the right to own private property, is beneficial only to the select few capitalists - or the bourgeoisie - who reap their benefits from the exploitation of the wage earners, the proletariat. For Marx and Engels, at least, private property rights protect the freedom of some but not only deny the freedom, but results in the exploitation, of many others. To understand this argument, it is necessary to have a first look at the basis of Marxs theory. Marx strongly believed that capitalist society consisted of two classes, the bourgeoisie, or the ruling class, and the proletariat, who are the exploited class: "To maintain its own existence private property must also maintain the existence of the property - less working class needed to run the factories. The proletariat is compelled, however, to abolish itself on account of its miserable condition. This will require the abolition of private property - both disappear in a new synthesis that will resolve the contradiction." 2 The employers, or the bourgeoisie, build up their wealth through the exploitation of their workers. Under capitalism workers essentially own their own labor which in one respect makes them free. However, although the workers are in charge of their own labor power, in the sense that it is not owned by a master or land owner, they are not free as they are forced to sell it out in order to survive. Instead of owning the product of their own labor, this instead goes to the capitalists who in turn retain a certain amount of the value of the product for themselves and their investment. Thus capital can be defined as accumulated labor.

Issues of Corporal Punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues of Corporal Punishment - Research Paper Example According to Farrell, the existence of corporal punishment has diminished in Western society, but the practice is still continued in non-western societies, and the politicians of the western society keep on trying to making this punishment method a part of their legal system. Corporal punishment has existed in schooling systems and questions have been raised against and support has been given in the favour of corporal punishment in educational institutes. Activities that are categorized as Corporal punishment includes: whipping, gagging, flogging etc. These activities were practiced in US as well as Europeans nations for several years. Graeme Newman, a supporter of Corporal Punishment has stated in his work that activities such as electric shocks that are listed under the corporal punishment regime should be assigned for even smaller degree of crimes (Howard, 2001, p.259). He supports this kind of punishment over prison period because he believes that this punishment is equal to the crime committed and prison period cannot be compare to the crime committed. He is even in favour of corporal punishment as he believes that punishment has lower economic costs as compared to prison period. Body History The history of corporal punishment can be traced back to the period of tenth century and its existence can be traced in the educational and legal system of Rome and Egypt. Certain nations were highly popular for using such way of punishing individuals, one of such nations was Sparta, and during this period this means of penalizing individuals was most commonly used. During the Roman period the minimum corporal punishment assigned to an individual was forty counts of strokes with a whip or lash on the back and in certain cases fasces were applied on an individual’s buttocks. Such punished were carried to the extent of making the criminal bleed and these punishments were made public with the objective of creating an example out of these punishments and to inflict fear in the citizens. During the 5th and the 15th century, same practices were conducted and encouraged by the churches of that period in Europe. Due to the educational system’s close attachment to the churches of that period, these methods of disciplining individuals were even adopted by educational institutes. This treatment was never opposed before the 11th century, during 11th century, it gain criticism as it was being used continuously to discipline children and the degree of this punishment was considered very high. Corporal punishment experienced a complete switch during the 16th century. During this period these punishments were made available for the public’s eyes to inflict fear in those who have never committed a crime or who were potential future criminals. During this period Roger Ascham was one of those who criticized the use of corporal punishment in educational institutes. Another popular criticizer was John Locke, he openly criticized its use in educa tional institutes and due to his continuous criticism, this way of penalizing children in educational institutes was banned by the policy makers and educators of Poland during 1783 and Poland gained recognition as the first country every to do so (Hastings, 1971, p.144). This way of punishing individuals gained further criticism during the 18th century by policy makers and

Energy Crisis Essay Example for Free

Energy Crisis Essay Every country in the world uses energy. For example: to cook. It is becoming one of the basic needs in life. But where does the energy come from? In the year 2008, 85% of the power that we are using was nonrenewable energy, which means that someday, these energies will be gone. However, right now, there are people who have started using renewable energy such as solar energy. There are more than 7 billion people in the world right now and it will keep rising while the energy resources are depleting. Even though there are many energies that are renewable, the renewable energies are harder to make use of, which is one of the reasons why not many people use them. Also, they require some advanced technology. If we don’t find something else to replace oil, coal and natural gas, we won’t have the energy to use in the future. One of the forms of the renewable energy is solar energy. Solar energy uses energy from sunlight to create energy for our home. Sunlight is a clean, renewable resource. There are many ways to get energy from sunlight, such as the photovoltaic (PV) panels, converting sunlight into electricity and solar electricity, using the sun’s heat to produce electricity. Solar cells, or the photovoltaic panels, convert sunlight directly into electricity. We can often find solar cells in calculators and watches. Since solar cells are made up of semiconducting materials, materials whose conductivity will increase with temperature, sunlight will lose their electrons, allowing the electrons to flow through semiconducting materials to produce electricity when sunlight is absorbed. Solar electricity is separated into three kinds: parabolic-trough, dish/engine, and power tower. Parabolic-trough concentrates the sunlight through mirrors. The mirror will be tilted towards the sun, heating the oil that is flowing in the pipe inside the panel. Heated oil will then be used to boil water to produce electricity. The dish/engine is a dish-shaped mirror that will collect heat from sunlight and transfer it to the fluid within the engine. The heat would cause the fluid to expand and produce mechanical power. A power tower system uses a large field of mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto the top of a tower. This heat will melt salt that flows through the receiver and the salts heat will be used to generate electricity through a conventional steam generator. With different kinds of solar panel, the price varies in the range from $5,000 to $30,000, depending on the effectiveness and the amount of energy you use. Even though the solar panels are expensive, many people still use them since they think that solar energy is energy-efficient and green. One of the advantages solar energy has is being renewable. As long as there are living things on this planet, there will always be solar energy since we get solar energy from sunlight. Even though sunlight is not present at night, the solar energy could still be stored by charging the batteries during the day and be used at night. We could then get more sunlight on the next day. Moreover, solar energy creates absolutely no pollution or noise, unlike other machines. It doesn’t damage the environment by emitting greenhouse gases or polluting water, air or land. By using this source of energy, the air will be cleaner and it helps stop the global warming. Other than this, in the long term, the solar energy is much cheaper than the energy resources we are using now. Even though it is expensive, initially the maintenance requirement is very small and the service life is around 30 years. The main disadvantage of solar energy is that it is extremely expensive. This is mostly why nowadays, not many people use solar energy. The price is unaffordable. Furthermore, since our world is polluted, the rain or the clouds could block sunlight from getting to the panels, making it ineffective. With a cloudy climate, the panels will be able to produce sunlight at a slower rate and may require more panels to generate enough electricity for your house, which will require more money. Even though using solar energy in houses might not require huge amount of area, big buildings do. To use the solar panels to their maximum ability, they need to be in the sun. With bigger buildings, you will need many more panels and to get them to work to their maximum ability, you will need a huge amount of area for the panels to be in the sunlight. Even though solar energy has some disadvantages, the advantages still overweight the disadvantages since energies are running out and this solar energy is everywhere. If we can get all of the energy that was sent to this planet, we could light the entire planet for one year within an hour. But the problem with this is we cant. If we can find a way to harvest this energy, we can have as much electricity as we want until the end of the human generation. Right now, there are many renewable energies that scientists have found but they are not yet the best way to solve the energy crisis. Therefore, scientists are still searching for new forms of energy. Dark energy is another form of energy that is very useful to mankind. In the universe, it is composed of up to 74% dark energy. What is dark energy? Dark energy is the unexplained force that causes the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. Even though there is no evidence that the dark energy does exist, people agree that it does since they believe that the universe had a beginning, and is expanding. Other than dark energy, the underwater pressure can be another useful energy resource. Beneath the water surface, there is a potential constant source of unused hydroelectric power in the form of deep water pressure. According to Rick Dickson, he had invented a way to harvest this deep water pressure by transferring its pressure to air and then to a piston. The name of this process is called Ocean Pressure Electric Conversion. Therefore, as we know, the dark energy and the hydroelectric power are very powerful; if we could get dark energy by using a similar way to the way we get solar energy and harvest the water pressure, Im positive that we would never run out of energy again. Works Cited World Energy Crisis . World Energy Crisis . N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http://planetforlife.com/. Disadvantages Of Solar Energy. Natural Renewable Energy Sources Clean Energy Ideas. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/articles/disadvantages_of_solar_energy.html. Disadvantages of Solar Power Solar Energy Disadvantages Disadvantages of Solar Energy. Go Green with Solar Energy. N.p., n.d. Web.

Ageing Experience And Psychological Well Being Social Work Essay

Ageing Experience And Psychological Well Being Social Work Essay There are two potential determinates that might influence quality of life and psychological well-being of elderly people. Firstly there are the objective factors that are income, health, status and age and intuitively, usually having more of these things means greater quality of life. However, in various research based on happiness of the elderly people, objective factors are less powerful than one might expect as Lyubomirsky et al; cited in the research article titled Psychological Acceptance and quality Of Life in the Elderly,'(2007). The research suggested that objective factors account for about 8 to 15 % of the difference in happiness. So, Do people get less happy as they get older? and their well- being while ageing has been discussed by various researchers in order to define the concept of successful ageing but there is still a lack of consensus on what defines a successful ageing. The various researches on the relationship between old age and well-being have been at many time s assessed through life satisfaction, happiness and morale. 2.2 Theories of ageing In attempting to explain the ageing process and moreover the elderly experience with family support in this particular study, the theories of ageing, which describes the ageing process and what it implies will be taken into account. 2.2.1 Activity theory, developed by Havighurst and associates in 1953, asserts that remaining active and engaged with society is primordial to satisfaction in old age. The theory asserts that positive relationships in the aged individuals level of participation in social activity leads to life satisfaction as active aging equals successful aging. Activity can be physical or intellectual in nature so as to replace those interests and relationships that have been diminished or lost over time. This theory proposes that elderly people need to remain active in a variety of social spheres as for instance with family or friends because activity is preferable to inactivity as it facilitates well-being on multiple levels that is assuming that activity is vital to well-being. Activity theory proposes that social activity and involvement with others results in an increased ability to cope with aging, improved self-concept, and enhanced emotional adjustment to the aging process (Lee, 1985). 2.2.2 Disengagement theory was proposed by Cumming and Henry (1961). This theory states that aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement; resulting in decreased interaction between the ageing person and others in the social system he belongs to (Cumming and Henry, 1961, p.2). Disengagement theory thus assumes that social involvement decreases with aging and that successful ageing is best achieved through abandoning social roles and relationships and by the individual reducing both activities and involvement. Proponents of this theory maintain that this separation is desired by society and older adults, and serves as such to maintain social equilibrium. While high morale is evident at the completion of the process, the transition is characterized by low morale. However, this theory has been strongly criticized by researchers who found a lack of evidence from older people disengaging from their surroundings. Whereas older people social relationships change and that they possibly have fewer ties, it was found that these relationships were often deeper and more significant. 2.2.3 The Continuity theory states that as elderly adults adapt to changes associated with the normal ageing process, they will attempt to rely on existing resources and comfortable coping strategies. This theory of aging states that older adults will actually maintain the same activities, behaviours, and relationships as they usually did in their earlier years of life. As older adults try to maintain this continuity of lifestyle by adapting strategies that are linked to their past experiences, decisions and behaviours will form the foundation for their present behaviour. Continuity of self which occurs in two domains: internal and external is thus important. Whereas internal continuity occurs when one wants to preserve some aspects of oneself from the past so that the past is sustaining and supporting ones new self, external continuity involves maintaining social relationships, roles and environments such that internal and external continuity are maintained, life satisfaction is hig h. 2.2.4 R.Weiss (1974) put forward a theory about provision of support from close relatives and relationships.  According to Weiss, these provisions reflect what we receive from relationships with other people. He maintains that the elderly require six main social provisions to maintain well-being and avoid loneliness. They are the assistance-related that is reliable person and guidance as well as non- assistance related one namely social integration, reassurance or worth, nurturance and attachment. These components provided by close relationships mainly provide and guarantee support to people as those people who lack the social support experience negative effects. He argues that individuals must maintain a number of relationships in order to maintain psychological well-being. Weiss holds that multiple needs must be satisfied by an individuals support network. In that respect, social provisions may be provided by friends but more often are provided by family members who are usually t he primary source of support in old age. 2.2.5 One of the first theoretical frameworks to focus on interpersonal relationships was proposed by Kahn and Antonucci (1980): the convoys of social relationships. They stated that social support is primordial to the individual in describing it to include attachment, roles and social support. Social support is viewed as interpersonal relationships that include these following components: affect affirmation and aid. Their basic idea is to view social connections and social support as a lifetime and ongoing set of relationships which generally serves to enrich, fortify and reassure people. The convoy model assumes that all people need social relations and that it is important because they have favourable effects on health and well-being. Despite being dynamic and lifelong in nature, Kahn and Antonucci suggest that losses and gains in convoys could have a variety of causes. It was hypothesized that social relations were more psychological than physical, and therefore, would affect psy chological or mental health, that is, depression, life satisfaction or happiness rather than physical health. (Antonucci, Fuhrer Dartigues, 1997; Fratiglioni, Wang, Ericsson, MAytan, Winblad, 2000) 2.3 Social Support My family has always been an essential part of my life, but the older you get; the more you feel how much you need each other. As long as you are together, it is like a growing tree the longer the tree is there, the stronger the branches become and the more you are knit into one. So, the more you are together, the more you realize how important it is to be together and stay together. -66 year old married father of two. (Cited in Family ties and ageing, Connidis, 2007, p3) Worldwide the family is the primary caregiver to the elderly. This reality transcends culture, politics and economic circumstances in spite of a wide variation in the way care is provided in different societies. However, almost everywhere round the world, support often flows in only one direction. Many older people receive financial help from their adult children but what about their help in terms of the social support in order to ensure healthy psychological ageing? Social support is defined as the individual belief that one is cared for and loved, esteemed and valued, and belongs to a network of communication and mutual obligations. (Cobb, 1976). Some experts suggest that social support provides a sense of connectedness to ones social group, which results in feelings of well being (Ryan. 1995). As people become old, social relationships often change and that they sometimes have fewer social ties, it was found that these relationships are often deeper and more meaningful to them, (Helmuth 2003). Maintaining relationships with their families and their friends is important to the vast majority of elderly persons. Rosenmayr (1968) found that, though they may not want to live with them, they do maintain contact with their children. Shanas (1967) found, in a study of elderly persons in three societies, that they generally live near at least one of their children. These relations seem to be at a large extent important, if not vital, to the elderly as the experience of ageing often requires them relationships and families support to evolve and adapt or cope with the challenges of the transition. Observers and various researches have showed that the loss of important relationships leads to feelings of emptiness and depression (Freud, 1917/1957; Bowlby, 1980). The interplay between relationships and various domains of life is complex as older adults reporting a greater number of social ties have been shown to have lower mortality risks, and both social integration and social support have been associated with mental and physical health outcomes (reviewed in Berkman 1995; Cohen Herbert 1996; Seeman 1996). Social support provided to the elderly parents by family members is thus proven to have positive consequences on the elderly in many ways. Moreover, a considerable number of researches show that social support is the key determinant of successful ageing (Rowe Kahn1998; Leviatan 1999; Unger et al, 1999; Seeman et al, 2001b). Persons involved with positive relationships are often less affected by everyday problems, are said to be more effective, and to act with greater sense of control or independence. Those without relationships often become isolated, cynical, mistrusting and depressed whereas those caught in poor relationships tend to dev elop and maintain negative perceptions of self, find life less satisfying. The usefulness of social support for dealing with illness has also been repeatedly shown, suggesting that a positive social environment encourages health and well- being whether or not stress is present. Social support is thus an important factor that may buffer the ill effects of stress on mental and physical health. 2.4 Lack of social support According to many researchers, the absence of social support is linked to various illness and poor quality of life in old age. Depression and loneliness are the most common in the elderly. Findings of depression and lack of social support are often interrelated due to the often inseparable nature of the two variables. There is also a clear link between chronic disease and depression, with those in nursing homes showing higher rates than those living in their own house. Depression as well as loneliness has been discussed by researchers and it was found that elderly people mostly suffer from these two major problems besides physical problems. The most firmly establishes link between of elderly parents and their psychological well-being in old age is that they basically suffer from loneliness and depression. Some research has shown that elderly individuals who have not maintained contact with family members are at a higher risk of developing depression, personality disorders and other c ognitive or behavioural issues. The physical as well as psychological state of the elderly parent is put at risk when he or she is not in contact with other individuals and especially the family. It is observed that if communication is done on a daily basis with family members, there is a better maintenance of the elderly psychological well-being as friends and family become often the sole support system for the elderly. According to American Geriatrics Society, depression can affect 40% of nursing homes residents in a given year which is often undiagnosed and untreated or treated as a normal component of ageing. A growing number of studies and articles have been published in that respect and shows how social support is beneficial to the elderly. For instance, there is a published thesis submitted in 2010 in Canada, titled Social support, loneliness and depression in the elderly. In this study, the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms was explored in 54 elderly residents living in both nursing and retirement homes out of 62 interviewed. The findings demonstrate that loneliness remained a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms, even after controlling other demographic variables such as age, gender, length of stay, time of interview and institution. This finding is consistent with a qualitative study by Barg et al. (2006), which suggests that loneliness in older adults is closely tied to depression. In this particular study, the author found that loneliness is easily mapped onto standard assessments of depression and hopelessness in the population, thus showing strong correlation between loneliness and depression. The Evaluation of depression in elderly people living in nursing homes, involving 35 people by Aribi L et al; publishes in October 2010 in Tunisia had for main aim to determine the prevalence of depression in old people living in a nursing home and to evaluate the degree of their autonomy. A descriptive and analytical survey was carried out on 35 old people at a nursing home in Sfax, Tunisia. The study was evaluated by using two scales specific to the geriatric practice: The scale of depression: GDS (geriatric depression Scale) applied to 30 items and the scale of autonomy: IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). Results were as such the examined population was composed of 35 people aged from 65 to 9, 51.4% of the residents were in a state of depression. Depression was more frequent in female subjects however (58.8% of women compared to 44.4% of men and it was concluded that depression in the elderly is related to several depressive factors particularly for patients living in institution. Anxiety and depression are thus very common in elderly living in nursing homes. Studies have shown a relatively low prevalence of anxiety disorders in older individuals but that among elderly, anxiety disorders occur two to seven times more often than depression problems. The rate of anxiety disorders may be even higher among elderly living at institutional settings. Another study which support that view is that of study Anxiety and Loneliness in Lone Elderly done by T.T.A Rahman which evaluated the prevalence of anxiety and depression in lone elderly living at their own homes and those going to geriatric clubs regularly or living at geriatric home. There was 164 lone elderly participants from geriatric clubs named group I and 168 lone elderly participants from geriatric homes, group II were included in this study. Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used for detection of anxiety depression respectively. Results were as follow: The co-occurrence of anxie ty and depression is 34.1% 57.1% in group I and group II respectively, while depression is actually 22.0% 23.8% and anxiety is 2.4% 1.2% in group I group II respectively. Living at geriatric homes and age group 60 to 70 are independent risk factors for anxiety, depression or mixed anxiety and depression. It was concluded that lone elderly, living at institutional settings such as geriatric homes is an independent risk factor for anxiety, depression or mixed anxiety and depression. Mixed anxiety and depression is more prevalent than anxiety or depression per se. Another survey conducted by Agewell Research Advocacy Centre released by the Canadian Institute for Health Information recently, found that about one in four (26 per cent) seniors living in a residential care facility, such as a nursing home or long-term care home, had been diagnosed with depression. A further 18 per cent had symptoms of depression but had not been diagnosed. Many of these residents dealt with persistent anger, tearfulness and repetitive anxiety, yet had not received a diagnosis. The problem is a serious one because, as the researchers note, depression can have serious effects on a seniors medical condition, their emotional state and general quality of life as seniors with symptoms of depression are more likely to display aggressive behaviour and may be three times more likely to have sleep disturbances while having difficulty to communicate. Different factors can contribute to the development of a depressive disorder that may include feelings of hopelessness, self- blame and loneliness, possibly accompanied by physical symptoms such as poor sleep, decreased appetite and lack of energy, often leading to social withdrawal. The researchers note that there is a perception that depression is a natural part of aging. Thats because a number of factors associated with late-life, depression is common among older people, such as: illness, loss of family, friends, social support or independence. But they note that depression can shorten lives. In studies of the effects of depression on seniors, the odds of dying were 1.5 to 2 times greater in elderly people with depression compared to those without. According to  Himanshu Rath, Founder Chairman of Agewell Foundation,  Depression is quite common among many of the people, particularly in old age. It is a major social challenge that cannot and should not be ignored. However, to fight Depression in Old Age, both the suffering older persons and the family members need to join hands and work together to bring back the golden happy times, from a Survey on Depression in old age published in September 18, 2010. 2.4 Rationale of the study There are many researches as such that have examined the importance of single, close, personal relationship related to elderly people which put forward that family support acts as a buffer against psychological illness. Family support promotes higher morale and lower levels of loneliness and social isolation in old age. Older people who lack confidants report more psychological distress and higher rates of depression (Hays et al. 1998). It is thus true on one hand that relationship and especially with family is important for older adults as social isolation may be devastating especially in old age but on the other hand can social relationships have negative impacts on people? Although a great deal of research have focussed on the positive effects that social support can have on adults, recently researchers have urged greater attention to the negative side of informal relationships. Since Rook (1984) demonstrated that social relationships can adversely influence the psychological well -being of older adults, several investigators have examined the effects of both positive and negative social ties in later life. (Ingersoll-Dayton, Morgan Antonucci, 1997; Okun Keith, 1998). Furthermore, in considering that the closeness and mutually supportive relationships that many adult children and elderly parents share may make the latter happier than those who do not have children, research on this issue has consistently demonstrated that individuals who are childless are as happy and well-adjusted as are parents, even in the later years. As people who are sixty-five or older and do not have children are more likely to report advantages than disadvantages of childlessness. Individuals who have remained childless have been found to develop social networks that compensate for the absence of support from adult children in terms of friends as some studies suggest that friends are more important than family to morale and well-being of the elderly (OConner, 1995). A realatively p opular research topic has been the well-being and resources of childless elderly. It seems safe to conclude that these people are at least as happy as older parents, andthat they are able to find alternate sources of emotional and instrumental support for their need (Beckman Houser, 1882; Johnson Catalano, 1981; Keit, 1983; Kivett Learner, 1980). The research put forward that instead of presence or absence of children, factors such as marital status, health and economic well-being are more strongly linked to the morale and life satisfaction of the older people. As Hoff and Tesch- Romer ( 2007: 77) has described: the relative importance of family relations and family support in contemporary societies may have diminished, but as empirical findings of many studies into the subject have shown, family relations have remained a reliable and stable source of support. For the majority of elderly people, ties with their children represent the most important component of their family network and social support. Since ageing is becoming an important aspect in the Mauritian context and that many studies relating to old age and relationships have not been conducted at the local level, it deems to be important to infer about the contributions of family support to the older persons psychological well-being.