Statue of Liberty Essay Example for Free

Statue of conversance EssayA universal symbol of democracy and freedom, The Statue of Liberty, is a gift of family from the France people to the United States people. The Statue of Liberty enlightening the globe was devoted on 28th October, 1886. In 1924, The Statue of Liberty was designated and selected as a National Monument. The meaning of The Statue of Liberty is Liberty Enlightening the World and is an enormous neoclassical monument in New York Harbor on Liberty Island. It was designed by the Frederic Bartholdi and it is a jut of female. The female represents the Roman Goddess of Freedom, Libertas, who puts up with a tablet inducing the law (tabula ansata) and a torch. When you look at it, I can feel it tells me a lashings of things Liberty, freedom, power to take on the world. And win.On the tabula ansata, 4th July, 1776, the American Declaration of Independence date is emblazoned. At the feet of the Statue of Liberty lies a broken chain. The Statue of Liberty is a con vivial signal to the immigrants that are arriving from overseas and it is an icon of the United States and its freedom. The height of the Statue of Liberty is 151ft that is 46.5 meters and along with the pedestal the statue reaches a height of 305 ft that is 93 meters . wrong the statue there are 354 stairs that end at the crown from where a nice view of the New York is available (WHC, 2013). The Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Foundation (SOLEIF) founded by the chair Ronald Reagan in 1982. This was done to start a classified division attempt to lift resources for the re-establishment and safeguarding of the Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty.The Foundation initially began the renovation of the Statue of Liberty along with the National putting green Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. This was done because the statue needs refurbishment due to a century of sightseeing and weather pollution. On 4th July, 1986, a three day compositors case was celebrated on the restoration of the statue. This weekend was also named as the Liberty Weekend by the President Francois and President Reagan (NPS, 2013). The Statue of Liberty is an icon and symbol of multinational friendship, companionship and alliance of the United States and France. It describes the liberty and freedom of the people of United States. The Statue of Liberty is an emblem of warm welcome to the people coming from overseas and abroad. To me bird Liberty was meant to stand for the opportunity afforded to all who either came here or were born here. All that was required was the willingness to work,strive,and dream of a better day.ReferencesNPS (2013) write up of the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., retrieved from http//statueofliberty.org/Statue_History.html NPS (2013) History of the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., retrieved from http//statueofliberty.org/Foundation.html NPS (2013) Statue of Liberty National Monument N ew York. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior, retrieved from http//www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm WHC (2013) Statue of Liberty. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, retrieved from http//whc.unesco.org/en/list/307

APA citation and zotero Essay Example for Free

APA honorable mention and zotero Essay1. A general res earch s hows type of statement that is supported by at least three different sources (e.g., three research articles)Zotero is an extension of Firefox web browser that enables users to save on books, article and other materials on which one is able to retrieve their citations (Morton, 2011 Vanhecke, 2008 Lewis, 2008) 2. A paraphrased sentence citing a single source with three to six authorsZotero retrieve and imports citation information from a number of sources such as newspaper, and commercial Web sites, and Web-based databases such as PubMed (Trinoskey, Brahmi, Gall, 2009, p. 225). 3. A subsequent sentence citing the same source as in Step 2 that correctly uses et alAir pollution is low in developed countries comap ared to industrialised countries where it is high as evidenced by particular locations in Canada (Hystad et al, 2011, p. 1128). 4. A short quoted passage that is cited correctly. Make sure to includ e the page number and place the punctuation correctlyHe argues that, Zoteros note-taking property is very practical. Users can enter small notes on a particular reference by simply typing in an input field. These notes are saved automatically and organized in conjunction with the citation information, (Vanhecke, 2008, p. 275). 5. A second quoted passage that is 40 words long or longer, which is formatted correctly as a block quote and cited correctly with the page number and punctuation placed correctlyHe explains how Zotero note taking works Zoteros note-taking feature is very practical. Users can enter small notes on a particular reference by simply typing in an input field. In addition, Zotero is corporate with Microsoft Word and other word processors and works in all computers formats (PC, Mac, and Linux). Features such as formatted citation export make it very simple for users to create a list of references in the perfect format desired for a manuscript or other use. User s can create a reference list by dragging and dropping citations, (Vanhecke, 2008 p. 275)ReferencesHystad, P., Setton, E., Cervantes, A., Poplawski, K., Deschenes, S., Brauer, M., Demers, P.(2011). Creating National Air Pollution Models for Population Exposure Assessment in Canada. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(8), 1128Lewis, L. A. (2008). From the Front Lines An Academic Librarian Reports on the Impact ofAPAs New Electronic References Guidelines. Reference User Services Quarterly, 48(2), 128-131.Morton, A. (2011). Digital Tools Zotero and Omeka. Journal Of American History, 98(3), 952Trinoskey, J., Brahmi, F. A., Gall, C. (2009). Zotero A Product Review. Journal Of ElectronicResources In medical checkup Libraries, 6(3), 225.Vanhecke, T. E. (2008). Zotero. Journal Of The Medical Library Association, 96(3), 275Source document

Unilateral Decision Making in Human Resources

Unilateral Decision Making in Human ResourcesHuman resource counselling is a series of activities which dupe outset enable come upon watering(a) people and the shaping which physical exercises their skills to hold about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and secondly, ensure that the agreement is fulfilled Torrington and H only (2002 13). There has been an argumentation about who are the decision makers in the organisation. Is it the Management who are responsible for strategy forming and implementing the strategy or is it the employees who are the life line of the organisation who create the knowledge about the product. Who are best capable of reservation the decisions? In the essay thither is the discussion about the various perspectives and the way decisions are taken. A brief introduction of three types of perspectiveUnitary Perspective A Unitary perspective has one source of spot and one focus of loyalty, which is wherefore it suggests team an alogy. Each accepts his place and his functions gladly, take aftering the leadership of the one so appointed. Fox (1966) ( pg 2).Pluralistic Perspective A Pluralist frame of reference recognises that the legitimacy and acknowledgment of vocation union in our society rests not upon their protective function in advertize markets or upon their success, real or supposed, in raising the shell out enjoyed by their members, but on social values which recognise the right of interest-group to combine and put one over an effective voice in their sustain destiny. This means having a voice in decision making.Marxist Perspective the Marxist perspective sees the execute and institution of joint regulation as an enhancement rather that decline in managements position at best they provide but limited and temporary accommodation of the inherent and fundamental division within capitalist base work and social structure.In the essay we would be concentrating much on unitary perspective and p luralistic perspective as they deport closer relevance to the statement/argument. The essay gives the outline of how various perspectives effect the decision making process. The effects of various factors on factors same employee relations, employee contract, art regulations, and perspectives necessitate been discussed even outing them with a a couple of(prenominal) examples.The corporation is the master, the employee is the servant. Because the corporation owns the means of work without which the employee could not make a living, the employee subscribe tos the corporation more than vice versa.Peter Drucker Business Capitalism kick the bucketManagement regards its own slanted decision-making over Human Resource issue as lawful and rational whatever opposition to it, either intrinsic or outside(a) to the organisation, is seen as irrational.Managements unilateral decision making over Human Resource issue is rightful(a) and rational can be accepted only if the empl oyer and employee feel that they are one big family (unitary perspective). As fox has summarised that the unitary perspective can be justified when employees and employers declare a common death and objective i.e., to maximise the success of the organisation and workers go forthingly accept to obey the decision taken by the management. Armstrong (1999) says that the philosophy of Human Resource Management with its fury on commitment and mutuality is based on the unitary perspective.fox also states that in unitary perspective there are no teams. Nor are they whatever outside it the team stands alone, the members (employees) have an obligation of loyalty to their leader Fox (1966) (p.03). wherefore from the above references it is go past that the decision taken by the management is legitimate and rational and its the duty of the employees to follow it without opposing it. The employers are responsible for the effective running of the organisation and they would have a long term plans of the organisation and the decisions would be taken according to the familiarity vision and objectives. The employees need to understand that the employers would always think to better the company and maximize the profits, opposing decisions taken by them would not only be disloyalty shown towards the organisation but also unethical practise to go against the people who have provided them with food and shelter which are the basic needs (Maslows hierarchy). The above statement is very strong in countries like India where the business unions have more political view than the welfare of the members of the trade unions. The trade unions go on strikes just to overpower the management. States like West Bengal where the trade unions have the upper hand to the management. That is the main reason why no multinational company wants to set up their base in west Bengal. Whereas states like Karnataka where the unions are discouraged have come up because the IT industry does not encourag e trade unions. It may not affect the Industry, but there would be change in the perception and image of the industry if trade unions are introduced. We must badly consider whether it is the right time to have trade unions in the IT sector. It might hurt the industry Kris Gopalakrishnan, CEO MD, Infosys Technologies (Forbes rated Infosys among the 5 best performing companies in the software and services sector in the world). The success of the organisation has been unitarist go up. Unitary perspective also overcomes the problems of disputes between rivalry unions. In this system the accountability becomes clear because everyone is assigned a responsibility.Unitary perspective near towards job regulation is unilateral in internal regulations. A unitary approach manager takes all the decisions without the consultation of the employees as the employer would know best for the employees. If the decision would be put forward to the employees there would be conflicts of interest. For example during the recent recession period, when the companies had to lay off employees it would not be advisable for the organisation to consult its union about whom and how many are to be re chance ond. The union which is formed for the welfare of the employees would not agree to such decisions and hence it would result in strikes (Jet Airways employees calling for a strike because 150 of its employees were given the pink slip. The organisation was going through huge losses and the only way it would reduce its loss would be by reducing its man power which was not accepted by the Union, hence it resulted in strike). accordingly it is necessary for an organisation to limits the powers of trade unions in decision making. When the Theory X and Theory Y- Mc Gregors is taken into consideration it proves that employees of Theory X would oppose any decision taken by the management as the employees under theory X dislike work and do not care about the organisation goals. Thereby it beco mes necessary for the management to take the decisions and employees opposing it are seen as irrational. But the organisation does not have any control over the external Job Regulations because external job regulation consists of forces which are partially outside the enterprise. Therefore, the organisation does not have complete control over the external job regulation.In context with the labour contract, the unitary perspective manager recruits the employees for a particular assignment and when an employee enters into a contract with the employer its his/her duty/responsibility to follow instructions given by the employer, as the statement refers anyone opposing it is seen as irrational would be true because when an employee goes against the contract it is irrational or not fulfilling the terms of the contract. The method of negotiations and bargaining is not encouraged in unitary perspective because the organisations face the problem of firstly recognizing the right union (mult iple numbers of unions in an organisation has increased). Therefore the only way to solve this problem would be non recognition of unions. If the management needs to make unilateral decisions which has to be accepted by the employees the decision makers need to have a few traits in them. Firstly they should have a problem solving ability and how they can fit into the wider scheme. Secondly they should have a strong desire to achieve the goals, they should be self confident and self disciplined, they should have the ability to listen and communicate effectively. Finally they should be analytical and effectual (not to intelligent). Robert.H. David Wilson. Managing organisations. (Pg198)When Unitarism is related to the labour process it becomes clear that the management has the whole authority to make all the decisions because in it is perceived that all the raw materials, means of production and the product of labour belongs to the management. Therefore the decisions taken by the ma nagement are legitimate and rational as they own everything and anyone opposing would be considered as irrational. The statement holds true in this status because once a person/organisation is the owner of a particular thing, he/they should have the freedom to do what he/they want to do with it, without anyones interference. When there is a problem with the organisation it is the management that is held responsible for it. For example even if an employee has faulted in his work and the customer may have some problem with it is the organisation that has to pay the compensation to the customers not the employee.The statement is only applicable for a unitary approach organisation but it has its own draw backs which are low employee morale, low productivity and absenteeism, negative attitude towards work/ job, management rivalry, disagreement, incompatibility, incongruence. There may be various reasons for the following. But to annul the following there has to be a two way communicati on between the employee and the employer. The above theory can be accepted but to a certain extent as the external factors cannot be controlled by the organisation. Factors like supply, demand, government policies all play a major contribution in the working of an organisation. Therefore external factors cannot be considered as irrational. The organisation needs to be flexible and change accordingly to the change in external factors. According to Dunlop (1950) industrial relations system consists of three agents management organizations, workers and formal/informal ways they are organized and government agencies. The Dunlops model gives great significance to external or environmental forces. In other words, management, labor, and the government possess a shared ideology that defines their roles within the relationship and provides stability to the system. The Dunlops theory projects that all the actors have to a common understanding they cannot work without each others support. Th e effect of a decision taken will have an effect on the other actors therefore considering there interference is irrational will not help in the smooth running of the organisation. This is the reason why trade unions were formed which represents the employees. Trade unions have been value by all the governments. In a free market unions are encouraged as it is a symbol of democracy which allows the employees the right of expression. In the modern-day day business there are new techniques like Delphi method Quality Circles are introduced for the betterment of the organisation. This shows employee participation in the decision making process of the management has become very important therefore the management considering any opposition from the employees as irrational will be wrong.A unitary approach becomes really hard when the company is a Multi National Company, because the business market would be different in different countries therefore having a unilateral approach may not sui te the organisation. To gain a competitive edge the organisation needs to make the best use of its resources and there are more chances of mis communications in unitary approach, which may result into conflicts.A pluralistic perspective completely agrees with the above utter statement as a pluralistic manager believes conflicts are inevitable. It is something that cannot be avoided. The only way the conflicts can be solved is by collective bargaining. In a collective bargaining, its a Win-Win situation for both the employers and the employees. It keeps the morale high and even the productivity high. Therefore considering any interference of the employees of the organisation as irrational cannot be justified, its the right of the employee to have a say in the decision taken by the employer as it will be the employees who would be following those decisions. Ex. If an employer decides to extend the shift (working hours) it has to be consulted with the employees as it will be them who would be working for long hours. If the decision is taken without consultation it would result in conflicts. Every organisation has a member representation of the employees because the organisations have understood the importance of employee satisfaction. Therefore the above statement cannot be agreed on if the organisation follows pluralistic approach. Workers in various countries have been opposing the unilateral decision making process. They feel the managers have been mis using their powers. Even though the management owns the organisation it can only debauch the labour power it cannot buy labour because labour is not saleable, therefore the management can restrict its decisions to labour power not labour. Therefore any decision taken which affects the labour can be opposed and it would be considered as rational.When pluralism is related to job regulation as stated by Bean (2000) (p.370) it is generally conceded in the giving democratic world that working people should have t he right to participate in the making of decisions that critically affect their working lives. From the above quote it shows the importance of employee involvement in the decision making process. The employers need to understand that employees play a major role in functioning of the organisation, by involving them into the decision making process not only increases the motivation of the employees but also increase the productivity of the employees. In the modern techniques there are various methods follow like to increase employee participation in the organisation. It may sometimes result in new fresh ideas which may work in favour of the organisation. Therefore considering ideas from the employees spot making decision can be very useful. Sometimes these ideas may contradict the decisions of the management, the management needs to analyse the suggestion and implement it if it is for the betterment of the organisation. The management cannot consider these ideas as irrational.While making rules for the organisations various factors influence them, factors like State, the availability of labour. Supply and demand etc. play a crucial role and none of them can be considered as irrational when they oppose the decisions made by the organisation.The draw backs with pluralistic approach would be rivalry between the trade unions, it makes it hard for the organisation to negotiate when there are more than one trade unions and hence the unions and the management would loose valuable time and money in negotiating the problems. It is the duty of the unions to act as a mediator between the employees and management, but the unions have become so political that they just see how the party(the political) party they represent is benefitted. Example. TATA Nano project was shifted from Singhur (West Bengal, India) to Gujarat (India) because the opposition party wanted to put the ruling government down. There was loss of employment for the state (west Bengal) when the company mad e the decision to move out, and the union did not achieve any gain out of it. Therefore it can be concluded that the unions no longer work for the welfare of the employees, they have diverted themselves to work for the political party that is supporting them.The Marxist approach states that the management makes profit by exploiting the labourers, i.e. by paying them low wage compared to the work they have done.ConclusionFrom the above arguments and analysis it becomes clear that the argument is an Management regards its own unilateral decision-making over Human Resource issue as legitimate and rational any opposition to it, either internal or external to the organisation, is applicable only in Unitary Perspective but this can be implemented in very Public/Private sectors. Some organisations have been successful after adopting such approach but this method cannot be adopted in all sectors as in this fast growing business world and the rate of attrition increasing it becomes very esse ntial for an organisation to take care of its employees and other concerns which are attached to the company, considering their opposition as irrational can be very easily be a reason for the hurriedness of the organisation. An organisation may enjoy supreme authority when they have a unitary approach but the organisation to decide its transfers and promotions very carefully. It would play a major role because if a manager is recruited from outside the organisation may not be able to adapt to the organisations culture and there would be prescribed oppositions for his decisions.From the above essay we can argue that no one type of perspective is suitable for all organisations. Some companies may adopted a particular perspective and been successful but it does not confirm that all companies will be successful by following such a perspective. An organisation may have both Theory X category employees and even Theory Y category employees, it is the responsibility of the managers to use the resources available and make the best use of them.To conclude from the above essay it can be concluded that an organisation needs to be flexible but also needs to have authority over its employees. The management needs to take suggestion from its employees but the final decision needs to be taken by the management and its the duty of the employees to follow the decisions as they are under contract/agreement with the employer to render there services to the organisation. The management can have complete control over its internal part of the organisation and anyone opposing it would be going against the contract therefore can be considered as irrational but this can be said the same towards the external forces, the management does not have complete control over them, and considering their opposition as irrational would not be appropriate. Both the perspectives have their own advantages and disadvantages, its the responsibility of the management to balance their business and make profits after all- The only and only social responsibility of a business is to make profits- Milton Friedman (Noble Prize in economics).

Media Essays Media Fiction Fact

Media Essays Media Fiction FactMedia Fiction FactMedia portrayals of rightfulness, be they fiction or incident, argon inevitably distortions of materiality. Discuss with summons to the modules readings and, if relevant, illustrate with specific patterns drawn from the seminarsIntroductionI think we do- nonhing say that the globes attitude to the criminal justness musical arrangement is greatly, probably dominantly, touched and influenced by what they read in novelspapers, hear on radio, watch on television and, now of course, see on the internet. In other words the media. As the n iodined jural journalist, Marcel Berlins explains, the media has become a positionful and significant source of ratified teaching and a path by which private perceptions some the soundity are formed and shaped.The concern however, is that the media is also commensurate of persuading people to adopt and give noticeorse notions around the efficacious strategy that are based on miscon ceptions, fabricated facts or prejudice. By using various images and sounds the media is able to influence the humanitys reaction to legal issues, and convince the universal to accept the medias distorted perspective.The question then becomes whether all media representations are a distortion of ingenuousness or whether the media is also capable of accurately portraying the police force. Information and representations become distorted when they are presented in a manner that is misleading and inconsistent with their original form. The case of Caesar Barber is a clear illustration of medias ability to present the police in a manner that falls within the definition of distortion.Caesar Barber commenced a sieve action uprightnesssuit against various fast food restaurants for conk outing to inform the exoteric about the harmful risks associated with the consumption of fast food. Although, the aim of the lawsuit was to nip and tuck public awareness and attempt to make braggi ng(a) corporations legally accountable for their pervasive deceptions, the media, in an attempt to root for readers, employ various tactics to bring d induce the importance and socio-legal implications of the case. Various newspapers and reputable journalists used catchy phrases, humorous pictures and witty headlines to give the paper an entertainment quality and create market value.According to near commentators, the media must resort to these theatrical antics and melodramatic techniques in order to retain its mass appeal. As Margaret Thornton notes, the media are forced to present distorted images of the legal system in order to secure ratings and retain its power and influence over the public Accurate portrayals, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the American TV series, stem Chase, which was located in a law school, support had to be withdrawn because of their unpopularity.Similarly, the exploration and explication of legal doctrine are considered to be too dull and By zantine for popular media. Thus, as a business, the media responds to market pressures by employing various tactics to attract consumers including using misleading headlines and false images to incite emotional responses.It is precisely because the media picks and chooses what to taper on, that they inevitably misrepresent the law and blur the line between fact and fiction. Events are defined as being fictitious if they are untrue, imaginary or based on a false picture. Although the term fiction is usually equated with the imagination, fictitious up to nowts can include real people and experiences, but are in the first place viewed as a form of entertainment.In contrast, a fact is usually equated with truth and reality and is defined in law as a thing that is indisputably the case or the truth about events as opposed to interpretation. The distinction between fact and fiction is fading as reality is adequate more fictionalized through the medias use of narrative devices such a s metaphors. It is the medias ability to present their version of the story in a veridical manner that makes it difficult for the public to discern the truth.Although there is strong support for the tilt that media portrayals of the law, be they fiction or fact, are inevitably distortions of reality, the real issue is whether this is indeed a cause for concern. M all media critics are concerned that the media go out inevitably lowmine the publics confidence in the judiciary, lawyers and the legal system.This anxiety is founded on the idea that the media is the chief or sole source of legal education, and that auditions are incapable of resisting media influences in formulating their minds about the law. The aim of this paper therefore, will be to explore the relationship between the media and the law, and examine the ways in which the media distorts the law through representations of reality based on fact and fiction. The last donation of the paper will be devoted to examini ng whether or not the medias ability to misrepresent the law is indeed as problematic and worrisome as it first appears.Relationship between the media and the lawThe media and the law are inextricably linked in a number of ways. Firstly, the media is the subject of legal discourse. Lawyers, judges and policy makers are constantly involved in the regulation of different forms of media such as the radio, television, newspapers, and the internet. Media regulation has become an important legal issue and attempts turn over been make to develop rules restricting media content and to determine who should have control over the production of media forms.Secondly, the law and media are connected through media communications about the law and legal events. Whether it is an advertisement for a law firm, a reality courtroom programme, a newspaper article on a current legal event, or an internet blog on a controversial legal issue, the media is a constant source of legal information. Although t he law is probably almost visible in highly institutionalized places such as the courts, law firms and police stations, it is also present through media representations of abomination and arbitrator.It is through media portrayals of law that the relationship between the law and media manifests itself. As Sheila Br bear states, By depicting the processes of law and justice within the dramatic conventions of reality TV, courtroom soap opera, the voyeurism of human interest, and the aesthetics of visuality, media culture and the law sometimes appear to become indivisible domains.The relationship between the media and the law is further strengthened by the fact that both are present in our bothday lived experience. A common sense approach to understanding the concept of the everyday livelihood suggests that it is the routine act of conducting ones day-to-day foundation. Based on this view, the everyday is simply a representation of individual experiences that impact on the formati on of ones opinions and identity.Since the everyday life is interweave into human experience it is both patently obvious and hidden because it is often taken-for-granted. As Austin Sarat and Thomas R. Kearns note, quoting from Schutz and Luckmanns Structures of the Life World, The world of everyday life is consequently mans fundamental and par pith realityIt is the unexamined ground of everything given in my experiencethe taken-for-granted frame in which all the problems which I must overcome are placed.The law is representative of the everyday life because it is an integral small-arm of our passing(a) routine and plays a significant role in various aspects of our life such as our family, career, community and education. From filing for divorce, to claiming internal harassment in the workplace, or to suffering an injury at the hands of a drunk driver we encounter the law on a daily basis in its various shapes and forms.It is precisely because the law is an integral part of our e very day experience that it becomes a dominant source of know guidege that helps shape experiences, interpretations, and understandings of social life. However, because the law is a component of ones daily routine and habits, people are more often than not unaware of the laws influence over their daily experiences and conceptions of social life.The same principle can be said to apply to the media. Like the law, the media penetrates our daily lives, helps make grow our understanding of social reality, and its influence and power in shaping individual perceptions of the world is frequently ignored. Thus, the media are often viewed as both entertainers and an agents of socialization who play a significant role in shaping the publics understanding of the law and legal processes.As a dominant source of legal information, the media is often viewed as the primary means by which the law is able to become a part of the everyday life. The media educates the public about lawyers, judges and criminals and provides its own perspective on what the law is and how it works. It is the medias ability to teach us about the law that has led legal scholars to critically examine the relationship between the media and the law. The concern is that the medias use of sensationalized headlines not only misinforms the public by presenting distorted images of legal reality but also undermines the publics confidence in the legal system.Media distorts legal realityOn January 25, 2007, one of the BBC news headlines read, Risk of suffering umbrage rises The risk of becoming a victim of annoyance in England and Wales is rising for the first time since 1995, figures suggest. Anyone reading this headline would automatically be under the impression that, according to official figures, crime is on the rise and is a severe issue in England. The problem with this headline and other newspaper enunciates about crime is that it does not accurately reflect the reality of criminal behaviour.Statis tical evidence produced and gathered by the Home Office indicates that contrary to the BBC report, uncivilised crime has fallen or remained stable since 1995. Furthermore, any rises in crime can be attributed to procedural disparities arising from the number of crimes reported and recorded by the police in any particular year. Although the text of the BBC article makes reference to these findings, noting that the increase in crime is still lower than the total percent recorded in 1995, this information is contained further down in the text of the article.Thus, the large number of readers who merely skim newspaper headlines will be misled into thinking that the general level of crime in England is increasing. This suggests that what the media chooses to focus on can give rise to public misconceptions about the criminal justice system. The question then is if the media has such a large impact on peoples perceptions about the law, then why do they insist on distorting representations of crime?People generally use their keep time to engage in activities that are both relaxing and fun and that help them unwind from the stresses of everyday life. During these leisurely moments, people generally watch television, get wind to the radio, surf the internet, or read the newspaper.In this way, the media is often viewed as a pastime, as both a source of entertainment and a means by which one is able to distract oneself from the complexities of life. As McQuail states, The media are often sought out precisely as an alternative to and an escape from reality.What people await to forget during their leisurely pursuits is that the media is still a business, whose primary goal is to sell the product of entertainment and information to its consumers. The media is subject to various market pressures and as such its principle objective is to generate profits by using a variety of techniques to attract consumers. Since the medias principle objective is to sell its product, the m edia is not pore on representing a true pattern of what is going on in the world.As was seen with the BBC news headline, the media use various marketing tools such as sensationalized headlines to attract its audience. Events are only reported in the media if they resonate with the public and attract viewers. As is illustrious by McQuail, The simple fact that the mass media are generally oriented to the interest of their audiences as consumers of information and entertainment can easily account for most of the evidence of reality distortion.A clear example of media distortion is the fact that the press only concentrates on a small number of criminal offences which include serious crimes such as murder and sexual sharpshoot or celebrity crimes. As is noted by Thornton, The dramatic potential of criminal litigation is overwhelmingly preferred, in which everything is biased and distorted for dramatic effect. Within the crime show genre itself, violent crimes are disproportionately ov er represented.Although these types of cases matter, they often leave the viewer with misconceptions realizeing the general level of crime. The modern British Crime Survey indicates that in 2006/2007 the total number of domestic burglary crimes reported by the police was 292.3 thousand compared to the 19.2 thousand reports of crime that constitute serious violence against the person such as homicide or serious wounding.Although the threat of being a victim of burglary is higher than that of homicide, the media tend to focus its reports on violent crimes because the seriousness of these types of offences triggers an emotional response in the viewer thereby increasing media productivity and profits. This type of slanted reporting leads the public to grossly overestimate the amount of serious violent crimes, in relation to all other crimes.As Berlins notes in his lecture, I suppose what Im saying is that the media, in its totality, does probably irreversibly convey a distorted vie w of the state of crime and punishment, that therefore in turn, the public, which takes much of its information as well as its attitudes from the media, holds mislead views on the subject. Thus, while the media only reports that which will give rise to public emotion, the public, who view the media as a primary source of legal information, uses these reports to formulate their own views about the criminal justice system.The insecurity is that this type of reporting will erode the publics confidence in the legal system. As Garapon notes, by placing us under the jurisdiction of the emotions, the media are in fact distancing us from the jurisdiction of the law. Public confidence in the legal system and the judiciary is an important issue. A lack of confidence in state institutions, and in particular the court system, may lead to a form of vigilance man justice.For instance, when Sarah Payne, an eight-year old girl, was sexually assaulted and murdered, the News of the Worlds tabloid m ade a justification for the public endorsement of a law that would allow the public access to a sex offender registry. After the tabloid ran this report, vigilante groups began attacking the homes of families they mistakenly believed were pedophiles. Thus, if the public, through media portrayals, is under the impression that violent crime is on the rise or that the courts and police are not doing enough to keep criminals out of society, then they may attempt to take justice into their own hands.A regular pattern across all research in this area suggests that the majority of the public does not have confidence in the courts particularly in relation to sentencing. Mike Hough and Julian Roberts conducted a study on the sentencing trends in Britain and found that judgesreceived significantly more negative evaluations than any othergroup of criminal justice professionals. The public systematicallyunder-estimate the severity of sentencing patterns, and thisis significantly related to att itudes to sentencers.This lack of confidence appears to emanate from a significant lack of knowledge about how the system works and the levels of sentencing. Since public opinion about the legal system is influenced by media reports about crime, it would follow that the publics ignorance about the judiciary and sentencing is substantially based on media representations which are largely inaccurate. However, not all media portrayals of the law are entirely unfounded or inaccurate.As Berlins notes, I dont want to give the impression that most people get most of their information and opinions from bad fiction on the telly. After all, television also gives us some very good, informative, sober documentaries. However, Berlins goes on to state that while there are accurately depicted representations of crime and justice in the media, viewers tend to not be interested in these shows and they are usually withdrawn because of their unpopularity.The Media distorts the law regardless if they r epresent the facts or fictionsThe issue then is whether the media is incapable of producing legal narratives that are based on facts and not fiction. Recently, the L.A. Times, a predominant American newspaper, released the story of Mychal Bells guilty plea in the Jena Six case. In the Jena Six case, six black teenagers, including Mychal Bell, were accuse of assaulting Justin Baker, a white teenager, at their highschool in Jena, Louisiana.The media claimed that the assault resulted from a racially-motivated incident at the highschool, where three white students hung nooses from a tree that black students were allegedly prohibited from sitting under. Mychal Bell was the only member of the Jena Six group who was charged with attempted murder. Bells charges were subsequently reduced and after imploring guilty to a second-degree battery charge he was sentenced to 18 months in prison.The public viewed Bells prosecution as being excessive and racially discriminatory particularly in compar ison to the way white offenders were treated in similar offences. The L.A. Times coverage of Bells guilty plea sensationalized the issue of racism while at the same time omitting relevant facts relating to Bells sentence. Although the L.A. Times story appears to set out the true facts of the story in relation to Bells sentence, they overlook the fact that Bell had a previous criminal record.Previous convictions on an offenders record is considered an aggravating reckon that the court will take into account when determining an appropriate sentence. Thus, as one commentator notes, the L.A. Times, in addressing the issue of whether the sentence was excessive and racially-motivated, should have noted that information concerning Bells previous convictions was a factor in the sentencing decisionThis is a story about whether a criminal prosecution of raw black males for a violent crime was too harsh. Any responsible story addressing that topic would fully describe the perpetrators crimin al histories especially histories of similar behavior. This information is absolutely vital to assessing whether his treatment at the hands of law enforcement was unnecessarily harsh and by not mentioning his priors, the paper implies to most rational readers that he has no criminal history at all.Assuming the aim of the L.A. Times report was simply to inform readers of novel developments in the Jena Six case, this example demonstrates that by direction on certain facts, at the exclusion of others, the media is able to create a fictional reality which substantiates its own hasty judgments. A local reporter in Jena, Louisiana, commented on the medias coverage of Jena Six and highlighted several myths reported by the media noting The media got most of the basics wrong. In fact, I have never before witnessed such a disgrace in professional journalism.Myths replaced facts, and journalists abdicated their solemn duty to investigate every claim because they were seduced by a powerfully appealing but false narrative of racial injustice. Among the number of facts the media neglected to report was that evidence given by both witnesses and defendants showed that the noose incident, which took place three months prior to the assault of Justin Baker, was not only a prank against a group of white not black students, but was also unrelated to the attack.Thus, the media, by picking which facts to report and by drawing unsubstantiated correlations between various facts, have presented a distorted picture of this case. Although, the facts presented by the media in the Jena Six case are in and of themselves true, the manner in which they are presented leads to a blurring of the line between fact and fiction.It is for these reasons that the media is generally charged with presenting a flawed and distorted version of the law. As Richard Nobles and David Schiff note, the media misreads law for its own purposes. This misreading has the capacity to generate what, within the media itself, are described as crises of confidence in the administration of justice.Distinguishing between fact and fiction has become a difficult task for media consumers. Fictional events are becoming more realistic through various television programs that dramatize the law and the judicial system such as Ally McBeal and Peoples Court (UK). These television shows impose a conceptual reality that viewers can identify with.How then is it possible for a viewer of these types of programmes to be able to distinguish between fact and fiction when the real object of these shows is to provide neither? According to J. Street, the distinction between fact and fiction is not one that can be discerned by simply watching these shows but is rather a skill that must be learned. The idea that the line between fact and fiction is becoming more and more difficult to discern is not something that is recent or that has emerged with the introduction of reality TV.The media has always used various tools to impose a certain amount of fictionalization on real issues. In auxiliary to using sensationalized headlines and twisting facts by playing on words, the media also uses metaphors as an expression of categories of reality. Metaphors are used in media crime reporting in order to present complex legal issues in a clear and straightforward manner that makes them more real and easy for an audience to relate to.Metaphors such as justice is blind, war on terror, cold-blooded murderer, lawyers are leeches and if it doesnt fit you must acquit are used by the media to represent a particular angle on a legal story by relating that perspective to human experience. For example, the metaphor lawyers are leeches will impress upon anyone who has had a negative experience with a lawyer or who has had to pay an excessive amount for legal representation.The media is able, through the use of these metaphors to paint a certain picture for the viewer that they are able to connect with because the values and emotions attached to these metaphors resonate with the everyday. As Brown notes, What gives such metaphors their resonance is not rattling their distortion of reality it is their proximity to experience. Metaphors, however, can also distort representations of the truth in crime reporting. For example, the metaphor justice is blind is used to symbolise the fact that the judiciary is an impartial and independent body whose job is to apply the law equally and fairly to all persons regardless of class, race or gender.However, what is disordered in this metaphor is that justice is not always adversarial and can be achieved through alternative methods to dispute resolution such as mediation and negotiation. Nevertheless, even if the media generates a fictional story, by using metaphors taken from the real world the media is able to connect with the public. As a result, metaphors do not necessarily have to be accurate in order for the media to be able to unite with the public throu gh common experience.Another way the media is able to connect with the public in disseminating information about the law is by turning readers or viewers into judges, providing them with all the material necessary for them to make the judgments themselves. The facts, legal issues and judgments surrounding court-room type shows are introduced to the viewer as the media sees it and as such, there is no room for mediation, argument or debate.The media trial is presented in a story-like fashion like any good novelist, the media tailors the sequence of events and uses characters, imagery, and symbolism to guide its viewers into reaching a pre-determined judgment. By setting the stage and employing various theatrical tools, the media falsely leads its viewers into believe that the outcome of the media trial corresponds with their own opinions about the law and justice. Although the media is able to provide instantaneous justice, by compressing the complexities of a legal proceeding into a 30 minute clip, the media ignores the fact that a trial is an extremely complex and sophisticated device and that just and fair decisions are reached only through careful stipulation of all the facts, evidence and testimony.Thus, media trials have the ability to undermine the role of the judiciary and the publics faith in the legal system, by impressing upon its viewers the belief that justice is easily ascertained without deliberation. Garapon elaborates on this point stating, The trial is able to control the way in which the facts are presented, proved and interpreted. On the television, however, a twist of reality is implicit and thus directly experienced and thus escapes both examination and discussion. Hence, as Garapon further notes in preferring seduction to reasoned argument, the media are able to display a version of the truth at the expense of truth itself.Although the medias main role is to entertain, the media is viewed by the public as a major distributor of legal i nformation. Since the media uses various dramatic techniques to relate information regarding the law to its viewers, the public is generally unaware that the media simply has no regard for whether or not the information they are relaying is true or accurate. It is in this way that the distinction between fact and fiction becomes harder for the public to discern. The public adopts the medias conception of legal reality and as a result views the law in a negative light and loses confidence in the criminal justice system. This is not to suggest that all media content is based on false assumptions or inaccurate facts, but more often then not accounts of the law are misapprehensions of the truth.Is there a valid reason for concern over distorted media portrayals of the law?All research in respect of the effect media has on popular conceptions of the law suggests that media portrayals of the law, whether they are based on fact or fiction, present a distorted version of legal reality. As n oted earlier, the medias power to distort the law and present fictions as legal truths causes anxiety in the legal community. Again, the concern is that media misrepresentations about the law may destroy the publics faith in the legal system.The administration of justice and the independence of the judiciary are important values that safeguard the fundamental rights of every individual in society. Without these principles, justice, fairness and equality would cease to exist and society would revert back to a state of war where everyone fends for themselves. The media, as the voice of public opinion, ought to be troubled by the role they play and the influence they have in undermining the publics confidence in the legal system. This is particularly so when examining the medias power over the public from an effects-based approach.The effects model suggests that media users are like sponges in that they simply absorb media content without any reflection or analysis. This is upsetting given that some researchers have suggested that information from the media and other sources are absorbed into the mind and filed into bins and that when making heuristic judgments, people extract the information from these bins and often fail to consider that the information extracted could be from fictitious sources.Based on this approach, individuals who have not learned to decipher between fact and fiction, are in danger of formulating erroneous beliefs about the law that are based on stereotypes, half-truths and clichs.On the other hand, it can be argued that because viewers and readers are generally media-savvy they are witting of the medias power to mislead and as such do not rely on media generated content about the law when making value judgments about the legal system. As Lieve Gies notes, Most individuals are sufficiently media-savvy to be aware that newspapers and television cannot always be regarded as the most reliable or compulsive sources of knowledge.People are ca pable of detecting the medias deceptions and distortions, which means that they are not prepared to put all their eggs in the medias basket. Thus, instead of simply absorbing the televised message like a sponge, viewers and readers are able to decode media communications and attach entirely new and different meanings to the media text. The idea that media users are capable of scrutinizing media content and are mobilely engaged in the construction of their own reality is based on the active audience approach to understanding media effects on the law.According to the active audience approach, media users are not merely cultural dopes who submit to the medias power without reflection and examination. A concern raised by advocates of the active audience approach is that media effects studies overlook the fact that audiences are able to maintain their own independence and views when engaging the media. Instead, research in this area generally starts from the presumption that the media is to blame.As is noted by David Gauntlett, The problem with much media effects research, however, is that researchers have jumped straight to the second stage investigating the media and its possible effects without even bothering with the first one, namely checking whether any notable suspects have in fact been affected.Stuart Halls analysis of the media further suggests that any content received by viewers and readers through various media forms is hollow and meaningless until the viewer or reader deciphers the text and assigns meaning to it. Halls reception analysis model suggests that readers and viewers consciously refuse to give into media influences and instead attach their own set of values to the information being conveyed through media texts.However, as Gies points out, The potential blind spot in reception analysis is that it may still end up giving the media too much preponderance and ignore other influential sources of knowledge. Nevertheless, the thrust of the argum ent in both the active audience approach and the reception analysis model is that the medias powers to shape ones understanding of the law will vary depending on the meaning that one attaches to media messages which is dependent on ones cultural perspective ones class, race and gender.As is noted by Gies, In constructionist analyses of media culture, it is the socio-cultural background of people, and not the media products they consume, which is seen as a more reliable predictor of how they construct social meaning. For instance, in Canada, the majority of the images presented on the television depict a horse opera conception of reality. Since Canada is an ethically and culturally diverse country there are many citizens who have differing cultural perspectives and identities. It is therefore dif

Coliform Bacteria: Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility

Coliform Bacteria Occurrence and Antibiotic SusceptibilityAbs bundleBacteriological pollution of muscles and digestive footpath circumscribe of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. reared in a pond supplied with municipal sewage was enumerated followed by determination of resistance of thermotolerent coliforms for antibiotics. Numbers of bacterium in muscles and digestive tract limit of seek reflected their densities in piddle. Muscles of both the look for species contained high numbers of total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC). Escherichia Coli (E.coli) were never vulcanised from the muscles but from the digestive tract table of contents of the fish. Ranking of the total and faecal coliform contamination aims showed a decrease in the order digestive tract contents muscles (pKeywords Domestic sewage Fish faecal coliforms Escherichia coli Water shade Anti bacteriuml resistance Public health.IntroductionAll around the world, people both in rural and urban areas have bee n using domestic wastes to fertilize fish ponds (Strauss et al. 2000). In the majority of cases, domestic sewages are applied untreated or only partially treated through reposition (Strauss 2000). Domestic wastewater, rich in nutrients, used in aquaculture supports the egress of plankton and other microorganisms which are consumed by the fish with little intake of other supplemented feed. Recycling of domestic sewage through aquaculture is an effective form of pollution control, which contributes to cost recovery and provides a source of low cost animate being protein production.Domestic sewage transports a variety of human pathogenic microorganisms which may contaminate fish get rid of when fish is grown in ponds receiving waste water (Niewolak and Tucholski 2000). Besides, municipal wastewater consists of wide amounts of incompletely metabolized antimicrobial drugs which can lead to the development of antibiotic large-minded bacterium as well as disgusting plasmids (Wiggi ns et al. 1999). The prominently affected bacteria are members of enterobacteriaceae and related gram negative rods (Kelch and Lee 1978). One of the important concern of wastewater fisheries is the contamination of fishes by fecal coliforms (Fapohunda, MacMillan, Marshall and Waites 1994). Their posture in fish intended for human consumption may constitute a potential danger non only by causing sickness but excessively because of the possible carry-forward of antibiotic resistance from aquatic bacteria to human-infecting bacteria from nonaquatic sources (Olayemi, Adedayo and Ojo 1991). Therefore, periodic and comprehensive sanitary survey of wastewater piscary is required. For years, the group of fecal (also called thermotolerant) coliforms (FC) has been the most widely used as fecal contamination as their excreted load is similar or larger than that of pathogenic organisms, and their endurance time in the environment longer than that of excreted bacteria and viruses (Strauss 1997).In the present knowledge, an attempt has been made to determine the bacteriological contamination of muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. reared in wastewater fed pond. Resistance to two very common antibiotics for random thermotolerent coliform isolates from muscle and digestive tract contents of both the fish was also determined.Materials and MethodsStudy SiteA sewage fed pond of Bandipur, Rahara, North 24 Parganas, (2244N Latitude and 8824E Longitude) was taken into consideration for this lease and to examine bacterial load of water and fish. Raw sewage was entirely of domestic origin, coming from Titagarh town of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal.Sampling and DissectionFish samples were caught with a scratch and were immediately transferred to the laboratory in containers with pond water. They were dissected according to Buras et al. 1987. Muscles and digestive tract contents were isolated and placed in sterile glass vessels. The tissues w ere weighed on a lower floor sterile conditions, ground in a mortar and suspended in sodium chloride (NaCl) physiological solution (10 ml of the solution for each 1 g of the muscle or digestive tract content). The suspensions were homogenized using Universal Laboratory Aid Type MPW-309 homogenizer, at 1000 rpm, for 10 minutes. The homogenates were then serially diluted (10-1 to 10-6 for muscles and 10-1 to 10-7 for digestive tract contents) and inoculated into culture media. Time lag from fish collection to the analyses did not exceed 6 hours. Water from sewage-supplied pond was sampled and analysed simultaneously with fish sampling. Samples were collected monthly from July 2009 to September 2009.Microbiological AnalysesTotal ColiformsLauryl Tryptose (LT) Broth at 350C for 48 hr was used for three-tube most-probable-number (MPN) presumptive determinations of coliforms (APHA 1998). From all positive presumptive tubes, total coliforms were confirm by the formation of gas in any amoun t in the Durham fermentation tubes of brilliant green lactose bile broth (BGLB) for 48 hr at 350C.Fecal Coliforms and E.coliAll positive Lauryl Tryptose (LT) MPN tubes to tubes of Escherichia coli (EC) Broth followed by incubation at 44.50C for 48 hr constitute a positive fecal coliform test. The growth from positive EC tubes was then streaked onto Levine Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar-agar plates and incubated at 35C for 18 to 24 h. Colonies from EMB Agar plates typical of E. coli were transferred to Nutrient agar (NA) slants from which GIMViC tests were performed where G-medium is the secondary EC broth, I -medium is Tryptone broth, M- and V-medium is Buffered Glucose broth, and C-medium is Simmons Citrate agar. MPN of E. coli was then computed based on the number of tubes set to contain isolates that produce GIMViC reply patterns characteristic of E. coli (APHA 2001).Representatives of typical thermotolerent coliform isolates from fish samples were selected randomly by colony morphology on Eosin methylene blue agar and were streaked aseptically several measure on freshly prepared nutrient agar plates to obtain pure isolates (Ogbonna, Sokari and Amaku 2008). Nutrient agar plates were then supplemented with ampicillin (50g ml-1) and tetracycline (25gml-1) and were used to rate antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 117 pure isolates (Miranda and Zemelman 2001). 32 isolates from muscles and 24 isolates from digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and 39 strains from muscles and 22 isolates from digestive tract contents of Labeo sp. were subjected to antibiotics sensitivity test.statistical AnalysesMeans and standard errors (SE) were calculated. T test was performed between bacterial concentration of muscles and digestive tract contents of both the fish. A significance level of 5% was considered (Zar 2007).ResultsBacterial loads in muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. were exceptionally high. Total coliforms and fecal c oliforms were commonly found in all analysed fish tissues. Escherichia Coli were not found in the muscles of either fish. Additionally, however, thermotolerant Escherichia coli were present in the digestive tract contents of both the fish (Table 2). Bacterial loads in the fish were importantly higher (pAntibiotic resistance patternOf the 117 thermotolerent coliform isolates examined for antibiotic sensitivity, 82% (96 isolates out of 117) were tetracycline resistant and 65% (76 isolates out of 117) were ampicillin resistant. 58.11% (68 isolates out of 117) of the total isolates were resistant to both antibiotics where as 31% (36 isolates out of 117) were resistant to single antibiotic. From the single antibiotic resistant isolates, 24% were tetracycline resistant and 7% were ampicillin resistant (Figure 1). 56.41% isolates (22 isolates out of 39) from flesh and 22.72% (5 isolates out of 22) from digestive tract contents of Labeo sp. showed resistance to both antibiotics whereas 71.8 7% isolates from flesh (23 isolates out of 32) and 75% (18 isolates out of 24) from digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. showed resistance to both ampicillin and tetracycline (Figure 2).DiscussionComparison of fecal coliform counts of water of Bandipur sewage fed fish pond with WHO (World Health Organization) water quality criteria (WHO 1989) suggests considerable contamination of the first. Bacterial flora of fish reflects the bacteriological quality of the water from where the fish harvested (Geldrich and Clarke 1966). Strong correlation between the bacterial species present in the pond water and the fish regardless of the type of fish were also reported by Buras et al. 1987 Ogbondeminu 1993 Apun, Yusofand and Jugang 1999. Thus, in our study, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E.coli recovered from muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. may reflect bacteriological water quality of the Bandipur sewage fed pond.Fecal coliforms in fish muscles were recovered when values of FC in water were 3.86+3.63105 MPN 100 ml-1 which were much higher than those recommended by WHO (1989) in its health guidelines on wastewater use in aquaculture. Fecal coliforms in fish reflect the level of pollution of their environment, as the normal floras of fish do not include coliforms (Cohen and Shuval 1973). Presence of fecal coliforms indicates the presence of fecal material from warm-blooded animals. However, thermotolerent coliforms include the genera of fecal as well as non fecal origin. E. coli is a species of fecal coliform bacteria that is specific to fecal material from humans and other warm-blooded animals (Bhatia 2008). Environmental protective cover Agency (1992) thus recommends E. coli as the best fecal indicator of health risk from water. No detectable penetration of E.coli in muscles of either fish was found at 1.34+0.95104 MPN 100 ml-1 of E.coli concentration in water of sewage fed pond (Table 1). Thus, the fish flesh qualities a t harvest were good on the tooshie of their E. coli counts. Safety precautions during fish processing are still needed to avoid cross-contamination due to high accumulation of microorganisms in the digestive tract of fish.In this study significantly higher numbers of bacteria (pA wide range of thermotolerent coliforms isolated from sewage fed fish showed resistance to both ampicillin and tetracycline. quadruple anitibiotic resistant faecal coliforms have been observed in wastewater across the world (Gallert et al. 2005). Antibiotic resistance among random bacterial isolates from different organs of fish captured from fecally contaminated water with a full range of resistance (00-100%) to different common antibiotics of therapeutic and prophylactic use among human beings and in various animal farms and fish farms was reported by several authors. (Rhodes et al. 2000 Miranda and Zemelman 2001 Pathak and Gopal 2005). Thus the source of the problem of antibiotic resistance bacteria in wastewater pond of Bandipur was fecally contaminated water.Among thermotolerent coliforms recovered from fish, resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was found in 65% and 82% of the isolates, respectively. Occurrence of thermotolerent coliforms with high resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline reflect human bow in the environment (Andersen and Sandaa 1994). Domestic sewage enters into the pond environment of the sewage fed farm with huge antibiotics which are used as medicines, as growth promoters or as preventative maintenance and may have established a selective pressure due to a slow degradation of antimicrobials favouring boost growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Petersen and Dalsgaard 2003). It may possible that these antibiotic resistant bacteria from wastewater may transfer their antibiotic resistant determinants to indigenous flora of fish, make their spread and prevalence in aquatic environment.In the present study bacteria resistant to both ampicillin and tetr acycline from digestive tract contents were higher in Oreochromis sp. than in Labeo sp. It may be related to detritus feeding habit of Oreochromis sp. by which it is more exposed to wastes as well as antimicrobials than Labeo sp. which is a column feeder. Similar findings were reported by Miranda and Zemelman (2001) with demersal and pelagic fish. Antibiotic resistant fecal bacteria form domestic sewage may falsify nutritionally beneficial intestinal microflora with unexpected consequences on fish health.Our study indicates that fish flesh qualities were satisfactory in terms of E.coli counts. In spite of that flesh of both fish showed high numbers of antibiotic resistant thermotolerent coliforms which may include Klebsiella spp., Citrobactor spp. and Enterobacter spp. (non fecal origin) but till have immense ecological and in the public eye(predicate) health implications specially if the resistance is plasmid mediated then there could be a problem associated with the transfer of resistance determinants to human pathogenic bacteria which may enter in human population through fish consumption. According to Walia et al. (2004) antibiotic resistance genes against ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline are known to be transferable to other bacteria.Thus, we can say that Wastewaters and fishes reside there are potent source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which in turn may transfer their resistance genes to nonresistant bacteria (Schwartz et al. 2003). Several studies indicate that the environmental conditions in wastewater may enhance the likelihood of gene transfer (Pote et al. 2003). Mach and Grimes (1982) demonstrated the high transfer frequencies of enteric bacteria in a wastewater. Additionally resistant bacteria may pose a risk of therapeutic problems to public health and fish population. So the study demands an elaborate investigation on the members of predominant multidrug resistant bacterial microflora associated with sewage fed fishery along wit h their plasmids profile as an evidence of conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in human and animal food chain through fish consumption.

Television And Child development Essay -- Communication, Media, TV

Television is. An electronic device that receives idiot box signals and displays them on a screen. Is it impossible for any late night TV viewer to miss the infomercials for the numerous DVDs and television programs to help make their child into a genius? I doubt it, if parents were to let their voices be herd I know something will be done because I was taught that I live in a country that was built by the people for the peopletelevision has gradually become the close influential media in the takement of different patterns of behavior of the viewers, children and adolescents worldwide have grown together with the evolution of the television market. dissimilar studies indicate that the relationship between television and behavior exists, but it has been difficult to identify any causal link. the effects are many and mostly negative. more than of the research has been conducted to test the relationship between television and ravening behavior, because in some studies on social l earning summits conducted by Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) found that when children were undetermined to aggressive models, imitate this kind of behavior in later game situations, especially when involving toys similar to those that were in the televised scenes. Most agree that further research there is a high correlation between exposure to the environment and the aggressive and violent behavior, so does the acceptance of violence of others (Bandura, 2002). Laboratory studies also indicate that when children are exposed to violent programs later act more aggressively (Paik & Comstock, 1994), it raises blood pressure (Huesmann et al., 1994) and fight more with playmates . In this direction, a study by Boyatzis and Matilla (1995) focused on the effects of a popul... ...es issued an average of 23 commercials per hour, suggesting cereal, cookies, snack foods, soft drinks and candy. That too many food commercials suggest, is partly related to childhood obesity. Moreover, the over-repr esentation of ideal body images whitethorn contribute to the problem of anorexia nervosa, especially in adolescents, because of the anxiety it causes. If an overweight child learns how important TV is to maintain the shape of an exaggerated way, will continue to develop complex and consequently diet tips and they say on TV, besides the error values that will be assimilated. More than half of the advertising contains inaccurate information, misleading, or both, but the children believe to be true. So that the TV not only offers but requires experience, conditioning our children as they are the main target towards which led most of the commercials.

Music And Censorship Essay -- essays research papers

In our society today, some musicians and their music drain and plague the moral and spiritual well-being of the great deal therefore, censorship offers a necessary action that we must take to keep the world from becoming a land of decadence. The musicians lives are non examples for the children or the adults. The lyrics of more songs are not suitable for anyone. All types of music need some kind of censorship. censoring makes a person realize that music is good for the heart. Censorship tot all(prenominal)y makes people act better, and when thinking better, this sustains a better society. The lives of some musicians contain types of anarchy and self-gratification. Once the musicians realize that people want not bonny their music but them as well, they act as gods, which no one can touch.For example, think of it like a secret dictatorship, and we breathe as a fascist society, which puts fun and feelings above the Lord, above all. Many of the musicians consist of non-religious peo ple who live only for fun and only for themselves. Why then would we, especially as Christians, put our total devotion in them? It exists like wantingto ride with a blind driver rather than one with perfect vision. In growth many of the musicians use drugs and stimulants to satisfy their hunger for themselves and for pure fun.     The musicians tend to use drugs massively, to get out of the very real world that they consist so often a part of. Popularity memorizems pleasing but when one has the affections and total devotion of a mass of people, that person can not handle it because that person does not have Jesus personality and only He could truly control that much fidelity. One person who truly could not handle the excitement was Jimi Hendrix. Instead of perform as himself and using his talent for good, he used rebellion and used many drugs. On stage, Jimi Hendrix would put hits of acid in his headband. When he perspired, the sweat, containing acid would b ring down into his eyes and make him "higher than a kite." Mostpeople never actually saw Jimi Hendrix the person, but a blurred vision of him. When Jimi performed on stage at Woodstock, a man from the tug asked him, "Jimi are you high?" He simply replied back to the man, "Thanks man I got mine," causing the crowd to act wild almost as if he had saved someones life, but ironically he uni... ...loud out the Biblical ones. Just like one blackball number will make a electropositive number come down. Censorship offers a better society in general, in which we can all live in harmony and learn to respect music power. People would respect the laws more because there would be a definite decline of extraordinary things, acts and thoughts with censorship we wont think on ungodly things as much, therefore have a better society. Fewer crimes would be committed because there would be no musicians telling the public to break them or kill cops. People make musicians the ir idols and want to do what their idols say. With censorship we would learn to meditate on the right things. We would see the essence of music and learn to see the total spectrum of life rather than just our life. Good thoughts with productive meaning would flow through our heads. We would hear positive things and make us think about positive things in general. Christian music is a great example of what we should listen. People would learn to answer things with their minds and nottheir fists. People would think about positive ideas and positive outcomes to quarrels, that usually involved fighting or "back-stabbings."