Austrailain Law - Business Law report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Austrailain Law - blood Law report - Essay ExampleThe case examples highlight important elements required for promissory estoppel to be applicable. Keywords Promissory estoppel, detriment. Content Introduction. 3 Promissory estoppel.4 Collier v P&M J Wright (Holdings)5 Collier v P&M J Wright case review...5 D & C Builders V Rees6 D & C Builders V Rees case review6 Conclusion7 References9 Introduction Estoppel in law implies to stop or bar a individual from denying matters or truths that he/ she expressly or impliedly stated (Sharma 1994). Promissory estoppel can therefore be defined as legal philosophy that bars a person from making a promise and then withdrawing it at a time when a second party has reasonably acted upon the promise to their detriment (Spence 1997). If an individual makes a statement that causes a second party to act in a particular way, then that person will be estopped from denying the truth (Spence 1997). In order for promissory estoppel to hold, the promise o r statement make must be reasonable. The statement must also be unequivocal meaning that there is no element of ambiguity in it. In Australian law, the principle holds even if the parties did not have whatever preexisting relationship. The precept stipulates that it is necessary for the promisee to act to their detriment for it to hold. Promissory estoppel was established back in the nineteenth century in the English Law Courts. The case involved Metropolitan Railway Co v Hughes in the year 1877 (Cartwright 2006). The doctrine is especially important to the business world since it ensures that individuals are compensated if they come losses when they act based on promises delivered by others. Australian law adopted promissory estoppel doctrine in the case of Legione v. Hateley, 1983 (Nolan 2000). In that case, the plaintiff had sued the defendant after he rescinded the contract on barter of land, which had already come to pass. The plaintiff had asked for more time to pay the b alance he owed. Promissory estoppel usually applies in business dealings. It is meant to protect those who act upon statement and promises and in the process experience a disfavour or detriment. In Australian law, the doctrine is enforceable under certain conditions. These may include treachery from the person who makes a promise, presence of a contractual relation between individuals, or where a person has duty of information. It is important to note that there are some limitations on the doctrine of estoppel. As mentioned earlier, the doctrine holds only when the statement or promise made is of a factual nature. The other limitation is that the doctrine does not hold for promises meant to be fulfilled in the future (Cartwright 2006). Promissory estoppel In simple contracts, a person may be able to break an agreement and cause injury to others. This doctrine ensures that the promisee is held nonimmune for his words. Promissory estop

Argument on the Proposal about Prison Education Research Paper

Argument on the Proposal about Prison Education - Research Paper workoutEmergent trends signify that nurture spectacularly influences the attitudes as well as behaviors of the learners. The decision of the government to go for a counseling from 3000 students financial precaution in order to provide facts of life for the volition and able prisoners is a positive development that should be embraced. This rear end go a long way in addressing the problem of crime in a sustainable manner. A society that is educated tends to subject field less cases of crime. This is because most members of that society tend to follow the rules and regulations that govern that society. Educated individuals also tend to take a good grasp of the moral responsibility that the society thrusts upon them/ To begin with, a demographic look back of the financial wellbeing of college students as definites that most of them can afford the fundamental tuition fees (Freeman and Robbi 96). Thus they use the aid they receive from the government for their sustenance and other leisure needs such as entertainment. In this respect, it is certain that their basic needs are already catered for. For this reason, the extra financial help that they get from the government can be employed for other important purpose of educating the prisoners. Nothing is as elemental as providing education to the prisoners. To ensure optimal and satisfactory results, the government should undertake screening exercise to ensure that students benefiting from the relative bullion actually deserve the help. Those students who deserve the financial aid from the government should not be denied the same as this can be counterproductive. The extra resources should then be channeled to educating willing prisoners. When the prisoners are educated, they are likely to strait out of the prisons changed people and this is the main aim of correctional institutions such as prisons. In his research, Clements posits that inmate s who undergo education programs while in prison are unlikely to assume criminal activities upon uttermost (Clements 1477). Educating the inmates is vital in eradicating inmates and keeping them informed about the law. Statistical evidence ascertains that ignorance is the root cause of crime and criminal activities in the society. Through education, the inmates are also able to acquire good work habits, learn various skills and at long last master professions. When these inmates come out of the prison they are able to engage in meaningful income generating activities, thereby contributing immensely towards the development of the society. Attainment of all these attributes eases the social integration process especially upon completion of their sentence. Although not all of them undergo the positive change, Williford contends that the percentage that attains the positive status is satisfactory (Williford 59). Financial statistics indicate that the government employs a significant p ercentage of resources on correctional measures and institutions. Indirectly, the tax payer contributes a great deal to the respective expenditure. Quality educational programs for inmates according to Vacca can be able to reduce and level off reverse the aforementioned trends. Although the initial and running costs would be high, the ultimate results would be positive and lasting (Vacca 299). In particular, reduction of recidivism, rates of crimes and tax contributions would be more rewarding. Comparatively, this would be better than continuing to conk on college students who can afford their basic

Letter to Your Friend in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Letter to Your Friend in England - Essay ExampleMy dear friend, you are right when you observe that we are living in a period of great political turmoil. I regret to tell you that here, in the colonies, public perspicacity continues to advance against controls imposed by the Mother Country. As a medical practitioner, I am exposed to a variety of views, ranging across the spectrum of political opinion from those c eithering for peaceful negotiations to others calling for an outright revolution. I go away attempt to address, to the best of my ability, your doubts on these issues. I think you will nurse with me when I say that the get to of the present troubles can be traced to Englands state of near bankruptcy at the end of the French and Indian Wars. The first major irritant to hitherto cordial relations between the colonies and England was The Proclamation of 1763, preventing us access to the Western lands. In the light of an ever-increasing population, this appeared to be manif estly unwarranted. Of course, we chose to ignore the Proclamation. At this juncture, The Grenville Program of 1764-1765, which we perk up had great support in England, was salt to our wounds. The Sugar round of 1764, imposing additional duties on sugar, and look-alike the duty on imported goods, was manifestly unfair from our point of view particularly as the dutiable list included almost everything we produce. You can imagine the number of cases of confiscation and litigation arising from this Matters were made worse by the changes to the Navigation Acts, giving a single Vice-Admiralty court in Halifax, Nova Scotia, jurisdiction over all of the American colonies in trade matters. The legal courts, and the cost of travelling from capital of Massachusetts to Nova Scotia, to say nothing of the cost in time, were a major cause of complaint among the traders here. I am sure that expecting the defendant to wager a bond to cover all expenses for both sides, would not be acceptable in England Boston witnessed many town meetings calling for a united opposition to these Acts. I must admit that I was a willing participant in these meetings. An additional benefit of my attendance was that we (a group of educationists and doctors) were able to entitle the hot-heads who kept calling for some violent action in protest against the Acts. My friend, surely you will agree that expecting us to house and supply British troops at our personal expense, as mandated by the canton Act of 1765, was manifestly unfair. When most of us consider ourselves to be loyal subjects of His Majesty, the presence of a substantive number of troops is itself a sign of suspicion and unwanted tight control. The Act has turned our erudition of control into that of repression. Of course, it was the Stamp Act of the same year which finally turned the tide of public opinion decisively against England, and alienated the majority of colonists against the Mother Country. The paying of a direct tax to England flies in the face of every legislative tradition. I support the colonial position that it is a form of revenue enhancement without representation. A tax on all printed material including playing cards and college diplomas My friend, how could the British Parliament foul such an Act? The Act succeeded in creating a unified opposition, led by the influential lawyers, merchants and newsprint publishers in Boston, who were most affected by its terms. The popular anger aroused by the Stamp Act resulted in the beginnings of mob violence. The Sons of

Divorce Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Divorce Problem - Essay exercisingIt is known that government regulates almost all aspects of intimate relations instead of paying much aid to increasing costs of welfare. (Nocks et al. 1999)The authors think that covenant marriages are able to make relations stronger and non but harder to get out of it. As far as marriage may be a prison house to a woman, covenant marriage guarantees more freedom and leaves woman a way to escape from it. accord to authors the covenant marriage is able to provide marginally stronger promises than common marriage. Furthermore, women will be more financially secure, because according to statistics women suffer more from divorce, especially in terms of finance. (Nocks et al. 1999)Actually, a covenant marriage gives dyad more choices. The authors point of view is that covenant marriages are more stable, longer in duration and importantly healthier. What is more important is that covenant marriages protects from being emotionally, verbally and phys ically abused. It is concluded that this type of marriage promotes more democracy in traditional patterns of family interactions. (Nocks et al. 1999)Despite the provided advantages it is difficult to agree that covenant marriages are better, because nowadays it is not socially accepted.

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Coursework ExampleThe regime withal wants that the economy function at the full practice session level, so that all the people who be capable and leave behinding to work would be able to coin a job, however the natural rate of unemployment will never be zero due to seasonal, morphologic and separate reasons. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) Zero inflation is considered bad for the economy however, the inflation rate shouldnt be also high or even too low in the economy and shouldnt change rapidly. The organisation wants to sustain the inflation at a moderate and sustainable level. The prices and accordingly the demand of goods and services will vary according to the price level and therefore it is important that the general price level inhabit stable in the economy. Lastly, the government also aims at keeping their finances sound as swell as the balance of payments account. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) However it is thorny to classify the objectives in order of their importance. And this makes the task of the government difficult due to clashing objectives and a tradeoff needs to be made. Such as a form _or_ system of government that would perhaps stimulate overall demand or aggregate demand in the short draw out may reduce unemployment but that may increase inflation in the long run and go against the governments objective of maintaining moderate inflation rate. This may also lead to a deterioration of the balance of payment position and the government needs to make a choice as to what is more important. At the same time, growth and inflation are considered to be of utmost importance because growth is what improves the beat of living for people and controlling inflation also leads to general price levels being stable and indeed attaining the goal of sustainable growth. Inflation is supposed to be the most important goal to achieve since it is believed that the other aims would be difficult to achieve in the long run if the sustainable inflation rate is m issed. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) Governments fuel employ two policies in times of a recession, that is, a decline in GDP as well in times of expansion, that is, a rise in the GDP level. And these are fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies involve government expenditure and taxes to increase or decrease the economic activity. There are two types of fiscal policies contractionary and expansionary fiscal policies. Contractionary fiscal policy is when the government spends less that the tax revenue, that is, the taxes are high and government spends less on the economy to finance their debt. They also try to increase everyday sphere of influence borrowing requirement. An expansionary fiscal policy is used to expand the economy when it is in recession by the government expense increasing and a reduction in taxes. This leaves people with more disposable income and consumption and spending in the economy increases overall. The figure for an expansionary fiscal policy is shown bel ow A situation where G=T is one where the overall tax revenue funds the overall government spending and this is called a indifferent fiscal policy and is applied in an economy which is in equilibrium. Fiscal policies can help with the objectives of achieving a stable growth rate, full employment and price stability. However, government spending and borrowing can also lead to high interest rates, and when a debt is incurred, it may need to be facilitated from overseas, monetization or public borrowing. This can actually

Health Demand, Elasticity, Principle and Agent in Determining Demand Coursework

Health Demand, Elasticity, Principle and Agent in find out Demand for Medical C are - Coursework ExampleThe cited unique factors may be classified within the closelyness status variable that impact expectation but their role are far too chief(prenominal) in the healthcare setting to be relegated as a mere sub-factor. This is the case because the patients are the ones seek care and that demand is initiated based on their healthcare needs. Afterwards, the physician then regularizes the quantity as well as type of treatment/medical product or service to be needed. For instance, a individual is admitted into emergency care because of severe diabetes. Upon examination, the physician has determined that one of his legs has to be amputated in order to keep open his life. Here, the demand for the surgery and the medications entailed were determined based on the condition of the patient and the judgment of physician. I consider that if the patient is insured the impact of income and pr ice may be diminished. This can also be highlighted in the dynamics behind the chastise of price and its impact on demand. In conventional goods, a decline would precipitate demand. However, in the case of health care a decline in price, say, of a diabetes drug, would non immediately translate into demand or a significant change in the demand crook because it will be dependent on the number of diabetics and their need and health status. Imagine a perspective where consumers have incomplete information about their health status and about the productivity of medical care. picture the roles of the genius and the agent in helping consumers to determine the demand for medical care in the describe situation. Provide at least one (1) detailed example of such roles in action to brave out your response. Let us suppose that the patient is covered by medical insurance. He is, in effect, the principal in this situation while the physician serves as his agent, acting in his best interest since his decisions are made to improve the patients well-being. This is the ideal scenario where the agent recommends care services and medications for the clients benefit. For instance, the physician could prescribe highly-paid and, therefore, effective procedures. The patient without any medical knowledge as to his condition or the treatment would non have known the difference between such procedures and low-paid primary care. But the condition and the physicians influence move the demand curve towards highly-paid care and specialties.

Entrepreneurs at Twitter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurs at Twitter - Essay Examplenalysts started list that the company lacks a sustainable future and many were of the opinion that Twitter does not have an efficient marketing strategy. This report has aimed analysing Twitters past and present records to map out its journey. Subsequently, its marketing strategy which is largely undefined has been evaluated and the future strategies have been recommended. The capability of Twitter to earn profits has also been fey upon while analysing how the company may capitalise on its popularity. Finally, an action plan has been recommended.The current topic necessitates an psychoanalysis of the business gaffe of the popular microblogging service called Twitter. Headquartered in San Francisco, the organisation had commenced it business in 2006. It had an almost fast success because of the fact that it shares numerous characteristics with most of the commonly used communication tools such as email, IM, texting, blogging, RSS, soci al networks and so forth (OReilly & Milstein, 2009, p.7). However, the uniqueness of this service lies in the fact that messages that are sent and received on it are no more than 140 characters, or about the length of a news advertise (OReilly & Milstein, 2009, p.7), and hence, they can be easily read as well as written. Owing to the speed at which information is shared through it, it has been argued that companies must be present on Twitter as it is an invaluable platform that helps in bootstrapping marketing activities. On a more precise note, with Twitter, companies (especially start-ups and SMEs) can help their anticipate engine rankings and website traffic (Thomases, 2010, p.90). In the light of the immense business potential that Twitter is capable to offer, this case analysis will aim at evaluating its current situation and part record. Simultaneously, attempts will be make to comprehend the marketing strategy of Twitter in order to recommend future strategies. In assenti ng to these,

Solving problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

closure problems - Essay ExampleThis article will also, among others, cover an action plan for the implementation and communication of the solution.In the recent past decades, the steel industry has morphed through copious changes and steel producers form had to adjust themselves to care with the heightened competition within the industry as all players seek ways of achieving the much desired agonistical advantage over rivals (Crandall, 1981). On its part, despite the massive investments in Information Technology, the competitiveness of USS has not changed much.A major(ip) concern lies in the USS high production cost that keeps it lagging behind its South Korean and English counterparts in terms of efficiency. This clearly came in the 1990s when the companys inefficiency in its introduce system prompted the Ford travel Company, one of its major clients, to threaten pulling out and to seek the operate of other steel makers, citing USS production inconsistency as the major cause of this. The investment in IT seems to have helped but the company still faces major register and forecasting challenges.Prior to the major investments in IT, USS entropy flow between the companys individual plants, factories and major clients could be summarized as inaccurate, inflexible and hard (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2007). The companys current challenge of high production costs is the main cause for the inventory and forecasting vicious cycle. Its deficiency in a competent tracking system has prompted increased inventories which in turn has lead to lots of wastage and translated to huge costs of containing the enormous amounts of steel within its inventory.Having lagged behind the major industry players, USS has to reinvent itself if it is to make any possible contributions to its already damaged reputation. The warning from Ford Motor Company should have served as a warning enough to trigger a major

Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Film Analysis - quiz Examplealso tries to answer some major concerns like why these citizenry have unendingly remained so poorly understood and why their history is fraught with endless stories of struggle and strife. This essay aims to compress on one planning issue in particular which is cultural knowingness and assimilation. This issue has a lot of depth and intensity to it which is why following discussion provide be based on it. There be clear evidences present in the film to support this planning issue, each of which will be scrutinized in this essay.First piece of evidence supporting the fact that the film promotes cultural sense and assimilation is when the FBI agent Ray Levoi begins to go deeper and has his first look at what is hidden under the surface. The surface image of Native Americans is very stereotypical which is created by the white elite forces. It speaks that all Native Americans are wild and deranged especially the infamous Indian tribes. The unmitigated hatred spawned by white people for Indian tribes is a very grave issue which forms the bedrock of this film. Levoi is more culturally aware than others and so, he believes that some Indian tribes may be vicious, but the same cannot be said for all. There is no reason to possess such racial hatred for the Indians as is possessed by characters like agentive role Frank Cooch and Jack Milton in the film. Levoi has a different attitude than his partner Cooch toward Native Americans. He understands that on that point are power inequalities between the Indians and whites. After developing a harmonious standing with some tribal elders like Grandpa Sam, he come to know that these inequalities range from political power to social relationships. He sees that whites are certainly more privileged than Native Indians are and he sympathizes with local Indian tribes. This shows how culturally aware he becomes which helps him to swiftly assimilate with them.Another point highlighting Levois cultur al awareness is his association with Maggie

Graduate Career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Graduate Career - Essay ExampleServing in the ministry whether in Nigeria or in their foreign missions is okay with me but I would coveting to work abroad. I am a person who likes travelling and meeting new people and this job would offer me the best prognosis to do that. I believe I am well suited to perform confinements in the ministry basing this on my academic credentials. I am currently pursuing a bachelor gunpoint at Greenwich University, capital of the United Kingdom in Politics and worldwide Relations to end in 2012 and I also have a Diploma in Law acquired in 2005 from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in many occasions deals with semipolitical assignments between countries (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria 2011). This is basically the role that is centred in international relations and the some other part of my degree covers this fully. The ministry also acts accordingly through the understanding of international rectitude and that of the land i.e. Nigeria. In this regard my law parchment vexs in handy to offer the required background knowledge. It is important to note that this position get out require me to have ample experience in international relations of which am short of. My architectural plan in order to eliminate this gap is to apply for internship programs in related areas within the time I will be doing my degree. Hopefully it will be a foreign affairs ministry or other relevant organization. The current employment state has been plagued with institutions and organizations asking for experience from job applicants mostly ranging from 2-5 years. I because seem to have quite a mountainous task to clock the minimum experience indispensableness for the current job market. The other huge requirement lies with the need to acquaint myself with a number of languages that come in handy in the international computer program like French and Spanish among others (Vsesoi?uznoe 2006). Language roa dblock is the biggest obstacle when dealing internationally and one needs to have knowledge of as many languages as possible. Looking back at the passion I have for this kind of job, I believe the task ahead is achievable with the required amount of effort and dedication. Applications are sent in their thousands to the ministry and to get an particular date one needs to have skills and experience that offer a considerable level of competitive edge. On the side of skills am planning to enrol in a law class to further my diploma in a college in London particularly to study world-wide Law. World Vision International The world has been dogged by many challenges ranging from poverty, disease and natural disasters (Jones 2006). It is here that World Vision International comes in to alleviate people from such suffering by offering the necessary humanitarian assistant and advocacy (World Vision International 2011). In community development initiatives World Vision concentrates much on p overty and peoples welfare more so that of children. This Non-governmental Organisation is the other that I wish to join after my graduation. It is centred on helping the less fortunate in the society and the world at large. I am a charitable person and it is my wish to see the world being a better place through my direct efforts. World Vision in this case offers the best platform for me to exploit my knowledge and expertise in helping these kinds of people. I may wish to concentrate more on the African plight and Nigeria in particular. Helping people who are in need and alter them to cross to some level of comfort is the

Analysing the external environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysing the external environment - Essay ExampleThe external environment is able to pose a argumentations success or failure that is why it is extremely important for businesses to cautiously analyse it.The function of monitoring external environments serves to track any type of progress in commercial message trends of known import. A number of external elements can be affected by familiarity advertising, time others call for the business to implement changes (Daft, 2010111). It is vital to monitor the fundamental components of a businesss external environment. Tactical business planning is essential in discovering new opportunities, as well as in reducing the dominance impact of potential threats. In the past, companies that hold in neglected to keep an eye on the market have suffered heavy setbacks. A good example is Eastman Kodak which nearly became obsolete beca expend it was unable to foresee the popularity of digital cameras (Harris, 2003106). immaterial tactical mana gement assessments supply the management with premeditated plans that seek for opportunities and reduce the effects of threats. An external strategic proposal should include the following points1. Study external forces It is important for a business to collect breeding concerning the political, economic, cultural, social, technological, and legal factors of its community. It should also take into account any changes in consumer demographics and seek to make sure that it gets its selective information from trustworthy sources. Companies should mainly use primary data, with other sources of secondary information being made use of sparingly.2. Assess the competition A company should gather competitive intelligence on its business rivals. The statistics collected should include the distribution channels, plans for gaining more customers, and their value chain arrangement (Dibben, Wood and Roper, 200492). In this, a company will be able to determine how its competitors benefit from ad vantages that it might

A Foreign artist in Paris - Pablo Picasso Research Paper

A Foreign contrivanceist in Paris - Pablo Picasso - Research Paper ExampleThe research paper A Foreign artist in Paris - Pablo Picasso discover one of the most incredible artists of modern era. Pablo Picasso is a famous artist from Spain. Artistic impression may have been passed onto the young Picasso, as his vex adept his specialty of painting especially of naturalistic depictions. This gene was passed from the father, as he proved to be an noted professor and curator this in the citys School of Crafts and a local museum respectively. This artistic dexterity was evident from a young days, to be trained henceforth from the young age of seven years. His father was responsible for his early learning, especially in oil painting and figure drawing. As a traditionalistic instructor and academic artist, his father was of the belief that proper training necessitated the disciplined learning from existing art masters. In addition was the need for skill in drawing the human body from b oth be intimate models and plaster casts, with Picasso becoming engrossed in art to the detriment of his schooling. It is after the tragic death of his infant that the family moved to Barcelona. Later, he was admitted in the citys School of Fine Arts at the age of just 13 years. But his conduct could not sustain him in the center, instead transferring to Madrids Royal Academy, which is the nations foremost art center. However, his spirit was wild, being unable to sustain his schooling, to later(prenominal) on stop class attendance at the age of 16 years. His focus was henceforth shifted to opposite areas of interest.

Small and Medium Enterprises Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Small and Medium Enterprises - Coursework ExampleIt has been found that over the foregone several years throughout the industrialized countries the extra enhanceth that has been achieved is due to the large growth in SMEs (Barakat, 2001). SMEs constitute the dominant form of blood line organization, accounting for over 95% and up to 99% of enterprises depending on the country. They ar responsible for between 60-70% net job creation in OECD countries. Small businesses ar curiously important for bringing innovative products or techniques to the market (OECD, 2006).SMEs in any country spate grow by partnerships between the private and the public sector by provision of high quality business support that includes training for the development and improvement of the managerial skills for potential and currently operating SMEs. Further more than, establishment skunk assess SMEs in selling their products and services domestically as well as on international front. But most important factor is the financial support. Availability of capital letter and credit is considered as a major stimulant for the development of the SMEs in many industrialized nations and specially the underdeveloped world.Besides government larger and bigger businesses and corporations operating in an economy can help SMEs become more possible business partners by providing training in basic skills such as management, bookkeeping, business planning, marketing, distribution, and quality control. They can assist through technology transfers, direct investment in infrastructure, and the sharing of knowledge. This will make SMEs more competitive and facilitates access to credit.SMEs as their start up financing and also operations and working capital needs require greater access to financial services and investment capital. Unlike SMEs big businesses strike little difficulty in securing sizeable bank loans and private investments. At the same time, microfinance, consisting of very wee loans, tends to benefit individual entrepreneurs. SMEs fall in between and often struggle to obtain credit and loans. nigh 90% of entrepreneurs in Latin America are obliged to source much of their financing from individual(prenominal) savings according to Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) estimates, a picture true throughout much of the developing world (World Business Council for sustainable development).Many financial institutions in the developed and the developing world are reluctant to fund SMEs because of perceived risk and high transaction costs.16 SMEs in the developing world are considered high-risk, as their managers are perceived as lacking managerial expertise, credit history, and/or tangible assets to guarantee loans. Thus loans to SMEs, when they are able to obtain them, tend to carry higher interest rates and shorter pay-back times. commentary of an SMEThere is not a single characteristic that is used to define an SME and thus there is no single definition of SME th at can be used as a standard for businesses to qualify as and SME or a large business. Some economists, governments and analysts define SMEs in terms of their revenue generation capabilities, others collar how many people have been employed, more criteria consider the land that is occupied for business operations. European Unions trace for a small business is one with a headcount of less than 50 and a microenterprise as one with a maximum of 10 employees whereas

Essay on Typical Cell Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Typical Cell - Essay ExampleAdditionally, each carrel keeps its own instructions that enable it to stretch forth out these tasks. The debate over typical cell has been present for several decades. Microbiology scientists in different factions beget defined the basic cells with its components, while others argue that the definition of a typical cell is not definite. This reputation discusses the basic structure and functioning of the cell to understand whether there is anything like a typical cell. The cell is the fundamental building block for all hold organisms. Living cells are divided into two main categories prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Scientists believe that life on earth began some 4 billion years ago. Prokaryotic cells were the start-off cells to evolve in the world. These organisms did not have a thermonuclear membrane, the membrane surrounding the nucleus of a cell. Bacteria cells are an example of prokaryotic organisms. However, the recent discovery of archaea (a second prokaryotic) proves that there was a 3rd life of cellular domain (Panno, 200541). Prokaryotes are single cell organisms that do not differentiate or develop to form multi-cellular organisms. Although some bacteria reside as masses of cells or grow in filaments, each single cell is similar to the other and has the capacity to exist independently. The reason behind the cosmos of the cells is the probability of not separating after cell division, or maybe they remained in a common seepage or sheath (Cooper and Hausman, 2009246). Despite their close arrangement to each other, they do not communicate or interact for continuity. Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes based on nuclear structure and organization. Prokaryotes have the capability to inhabit everywhere on the planet, including our body surface. Prokaryotes lack the nuclear membrane. They also have no intracellular structure and organelles characteristic of eukaryotes. The functions of the organelles like mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts are delegated to the prokaryotic plasma membrane. A prokaryote has three main architectural regions a cytoplasmic part that has the ribosome and cell genomes (deoxyribonucleic acid DNA), a cell envelope that has a plasma membrane, a cell wall, and a capsule, and appendages refered to as pili and flagella (Panno, 200567). On the other hand, eukaryotes have a more defined nuclear structure. Examples of eukaryotes include animals, plants, and unicellular organisms. Eukaryotes are approximately ten times larger than prokaryotes, and having up to 1000 times much volume. The major difference between the two is that eukaryotes have compartments within the membrane where particular metabolisms lapse (Cooper and Hausman, 2009290). A significant difference is the nucleus, which is a compartment delineated by the nuclear membrane. The nucleus houses the DNA of the eucaryotic cell, thus the name of the eukaryotes (true nucleus). The eukaryotes also have orga nelles, special small structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Eukaryotic cells have dozens of different types of these organelles. Eukaryotes were a major development on the life of living things as well as a key evolution concept. Eukaryotes use the same metabolic processes and contractable codes like prokaryotes, but their advanced organizational complexity allows development of multi-cellular organism (Cooper and Hausm

What is a good tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is a full tax - Essay ExampleThe nation in the commonwealth do not see the need as to why the government should inhibit its expenditure but expenditure should be sufficient to meet the needs of the people.Most of the former politicians in Illinois State have faced significant challenges in their effort to come up with a good tax. One of the former Governors of the enunciate by the name Scott Walker worked hard to cut the rights of the commonplace employees to get in in collective bargaining. Deputy Director of the local council of the American Federation State said that the regulator had an obsession of destroying the unions belonging to the public employees. The same director said that Mr. Rauner was trying to stir up the malignity of the public employees who include teachers, firefighters, and police officers.The unions in Illinois State are always against a leader who tries to flip the tax system of the state. Mr. Rauner may have a good idea of increasing the tax inc ome of the state and improve economy of the state in the end. Most unions do not understand that when the economy is stable, having impression unemployment rates will increase the tax income and government expenditure too. There is need for the citizens in the state to give the politicians independence to come up with a good tax system that will public assistance both the employed and unemployed. A good tax is angiotensin-converting enzyme that will enable the unemployed to make believe into small-scale businesses and earn a living out of it.Davy portrays a good tax as one that is sufficient enough to avoid cutting of the benefits of the retirees because they have saved enough to rely on and arrive on during their retirement period. However, Mr. Rauner said that the only problem he had was with the union leaders in the public sector who donated to political leaders. He claims that the government union has power to influence politicians in contracts negotiations about pensions, scales of payments,

Housing viability appraisal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Housing viability appraisal report - leaven ExampleAccording to the findings of the report, implementing the proposal is a great idea. Because of the high demand for housing, and the accessibility of the location, implementing the project depart generate high profits.2.1 The demand for accommodation in this place shows that a space of schedule of 6,040 sq. m. (all dough internal areas) of saleable space is required to accommodate residential politics. and 1010 sq.m for affordable housing , In appendix to that, 745 sq. m. (8,021 sq. ft.) of commercial and 5,219 sq. m. of home- office have also been proposed. I understand that there will be 98 home-office, including 11commercial which will provide a total of 9 spaces for the offices, 1 for the garbage and 88 for the residential flats would be constructed.3.1 The first step in implementing this project is seeking permission to develop the project from the authorities. This will pop off through an application, explaining the reaso n for the project, its benefit to the people, its environmental accessibility, and the expected revenues. Additionally, it will include the expected costs and the sources of the funds. by and by acquiring a permit, the s106 agreement will be ready for commencement. Comprising of 30-49 one sleeping accommodation, 50-79 two bedroom, and 80-119 three bedroom flats, the project is likely to take 36 months to complete. The proposed one-bedroom flats will measure 30 square metres, while a two bedroom will measure 56 square metres. A three bedroom flat will measure 100 square metres and a 4 bedroom flat measure close to 140 square metres. A similar project constructed in the same area currently sells at 6000.After completion of the project, defrayal of the flats will be spread across six quarters, with the first payment expected at the end of Q6. Projected revenues for the sale of the flats indicate that for every

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages EssayThe Monastic schools provided the bag for the universities. The main purpose for the establishment of schools was to develop literacy in the society. by the schools stack were educated and hence became wiser. These schools led to the formation of universities as many individuals begun to pursue deeper meanings, verbal lucidness and places for doing analysis. During the academism consummation, the need for a place where intellectuals could do their studies increased greatly as the number of scholars and philosophers rose. Scholars started to contemplate books and other information sources through reason and argumentation.Individuals who had gone through schooling had no place to upgrade their studies and their number was increasing. This therefore led to the rise of universities as they provided a place for further studies. During the scholastic period there were many discoveries which were meant to enhance learning. The universities came up because of the need to have intellectuals together so that they can apportion ideas and opinions thereby leading to more(prenominal) discoveries. The university was a good place to do inquiry and for individuals to learn from others. Additionally, individuals cherished to understand the Bible better and thus get closer to its truth.The university provided a good place where good deal could study the Bible and hence understand it better. Background of the students During this period, education was the privilege of the members of the upper classes and thus intimately of the students were from the upper classes in the society. There were few students from the lower classes who had the opportunity to have formal education. This could be attributed to skimpy educational resources thereby making them expensive and thus not affordable to the lower class members. computer program The schools curriculum was divided into two trivium and quadrivium.Trivium was composed of grammar, dialectic and rhetoric while qaudrivium contained geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music. In grammar, texts compose by the Priscian who was a Latin grammarian were studied and applied. In dialectic, the works done by Aristotle were submit while in rhetoric, the works of Cicero were studied. Arithmetic involved the study of multiplication and division, and in addition to that abacus and chronology were learned. Geometry principally involved the study of Euclid while Astronomy involved studying the works of Bede and Pliny who was a Roman writer.In Music, the students were taught proportion, scale, music of the spheres and the harmony of the universe. During the Charlemagne period education was mainly based on written texts (Cunningham Reich, 2006). During the scholasticism period, learning was based on reasoning and argumentation. Books were chosen, read and subjected to investigation. Points of disagreements between books and other sources of information were written eat up and subjected to analysis using dialectics. Through the dialectics a common ground was found.During this period universities were formed and the curriculum of close universities primarily involved the study of philosophy, science, ancient culture and mathematics. In addition to studying the students were allowed to do research in their field of preference. The effects of formal educational institutions on the European society These institutions increased the open frame between the rich and the poor people in the society. This can be attributed to background of the most students. cultivation was primarily the privilege of the upper class members and thus most of the lower class member never had the opportunity to have formal education.However, in spite of the gap in the society, the formal educational institutions provided the basis for more discoveries and developments in the European society. Through the institutions literacy in the society increased as more people improved their knowledge and skills. Additionally, the institutions reconciled different societies as translators and intermediaries were required. For instance, in translating Greek to English Muslims and Jews were utilized as translators and intermediaries. This therefore led to reconciliation between different religions as they dependent on each in enhancing learning.Furthermore, the learning institutions led to change in character as individuals begun to see things differently. This led to changes in the political scene as authoritative governments collapsed paving way for the democratic ones. Powers of the monasteries were reduced as democratic governments came into power. This is because more individuals understood their rights and hence started to fight for their rights. Word count 717.Reference listCunningham L. S. and J. Reich, (2006). Culture and values. Edition 6. Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth. p. 199.

Diversity Considerations Essay Example for Free

variety Considerations Essay demonstrationThis paper lead analyze the influence of culture on attitudes, values, perception, human behavior, and interpersonal relations. The discriminatory factors that recruit societal, political, socioeconomic, and spiritual conquering of paganly diverse populations will be described within this paper. Racial and cultural diversity within non-native English- singing communities will be examined. Further more, this paper will also analyze how underway query may positively impact the delivery of public safety and enhance the evaluation of education and resources. Lastly the chosen articles used for this paper will be evaluated on their reliability and credibility. Diversity ConsiderationsThe variant cultures and feelingstyles that surround us atomic number 18 the major factors that affect and influence behavior in altogether societies. glossiness is the way we be brought up and the notions, values and attitudes that are instilled in us by our parents and or guardians. ordination also instills culture in us and how we are educated and trained passim life. We are trained in school and within our homes we are taught different lifestyles through whom we interact with and the milieu in which we release up in and the conditions and situations we are used to. As a child one tends to follow the life he or she is familiar with. Children look up to their parents, teachers, or any influential person in their life to help shape their thoughts, values and beliefs. For example, if one grows up in a negative environment then that individual will more than likely adopt those types of influences throughout their life and will quite a little life in a negative manner.Their thoughts and beliefs and relationships with others in life will be negative. The opposition would be someone brought up in a positive environment will more than likely encounter life in a positive manner. If one is brought up to respect others and to be courteous to others, he will more than likely continue these habits throughout life. However, if one is brought up to be prejudiced against those who differ or believe it is acceptable to lie or steal then he or she will probably live by these standards. There are many discriminatory factors which promote societal, socioeconomic, and spiritual oppression of culturally diverse populations. First understanding how discrimination is categorized is important. According to Ore, (2011) employing a systemic frame in of analysis requires that we redefine the ways we categorize issues of discrimination. Ore (2011) defines prejudice as a negative attitude toward members of a group or social category and discrimination as the unequal treatment of pot decided by their membership in a group.Resources much(prenominal) as money, property, medical care and education crapper be impacted by systems of oppression and privilege. Resources are not equal to all and many are limited. The distri bution of resources to a particular member of society is based on his or her status. Ones social segmentation is one of the most powerful predictors of health. The higher someone is on the socioeconomic ladder the lower their happen is for poor health (Ore, 2011). The identification of disasters as purely physical occurrences (typhoons, floods, earthquakes and initially also bombings and explosions) that affect people who have the misfortunate to be simply in the wrong place at the wrong measure gave rise to a preoccupation with technological solutions for the protection of infrastructure and exposed populations ( Bankoff, 2004).Many times the outcome of a situation will be dependent on ones status within the community or membership in a group. Racial and cultural diversity within non-native English-speaking communities exist throughout the country. According to the U.S. Department of Education (2005), there are approximately 56 cardinal students and 3.3 million teachers in our K-12 classrooms. Half the school aged population is expected to consist of students of color by the year 2020. It is estimated that more than 1 in 7 children aged 5 to 17 speak a language other than English at home.By 2026, the number of non-native English speaking students will reach 15 million (Carjuzza, 2005). Multiculturalism relates to communities containing multiple cultures. Multiculturalism exists throughout the nation, communities, schools, businesses and neighborhoods in which we live in. Multiculturalism refers to ideologies or policies that encourage diversity. It allows for one to express ones own identity. The interaction and communication between different cultures provides opportunity for all. Interactions of cultures provide opportunities for the cultural differences and to create multiculturalism.the States is the place where individuals of different ethnicities, cultures and races come to be treated fairly (equal opportunity). However language erect be a major b arrier and affects all races regardless of acceptance. Smaller communities seem to encompass stronger values beliefs and customs, and so leaving no room for acceptance of others and languages. Putnam, (2007) states, As we have more contact with people who are unlike us, we overcome our initial hesitation and ignorance and come to trust them more. This could be possible and could be a way to integrate diversity and create multiculturalism.Regardless of race, culture, age, disabilities or the language in which we speak, we are all created equal. Those who migrate here to America and want shared citizenship and outreach towards other cultures and ethnicities is something that will take a coherent time to be accepted, for several reasons, language being one main reason. Individuals that do not speak English and move into communities where English is the dominant language, are not easily accepted into these communities. There are many ways to try and resolve differences in regards to d iversity however ignorance to ones culture, ethnicity, beliefs and so forth plays a major role in racial and cultural diversity throughout the country.Current research may positively impact the delivery of public safety and enhance the evaluation of information and resources if conducted in a positive and open manner. Research must be available and accept all electric current socioeconomic groups. However research must be honest and reliable and available to those in requisite of it in company to assist with issues in the public safety sector. Research must also include the members of the affected communities in which the research or data was collected on. . Also, the sharing of the research is critical and should scarcely be shared with those authorized.Policies for conducting and sharing the research must be developed and implemented in order to avoid the research and data being altered or shared with the wrong individuals. Accurate horror data serve important purposes. It i s used by public agencies and officials in determining policies, budgets, legislation, funding priorities, and evaluation of existing programs. In conclusion, it is up to the adults in a childs life to set a good example and instill good values in their children. Society in general has a responsibility to assist with poverty and crime within their communities whenever possible. As individuals we all act and behave in a manner at different times and places.One may not have the said(prenominal) behavior or personality at home as he/she would at work. Whether it is a child, adolescent or adults we all have our own personality, values, beliefs and cultures, therefore social influences can alter and shape our actions, manner of speaking and who we are and how we are perceived within our communities and society in general. Attitude or a persons belief about a certain situation or perception can influence behaviors. Social influences can affect behavior by simply changing attitudes. This can be a positive change, such as opening a closed-minded individuals beliefs to include new beliefs and choices. On the contrary social influences on attitudes can be negative and include destructive or forcible perceptions leading to poor choices and or criminal behavior.ReferencesBankoff, G. (2004). International journal of mass emergencies and disaster. Time is of the EssenceDisasters, Vulnerability and History. 22(3) 23-42 International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities and Nations, 7(5) 153-160. Retrieved January 16, 2013 from http//www.ehow.com/info_8510709_social-influences- human-behaviorPutnam, R. D., (2007). E Pluribus Unum Diversity and community in the twenty-first century The 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture. Journal Compilation, Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2) 137-174Ore, T.E. (2011). The social construction of difference inequality Race, class, gender, and sexuality, fifth edition, New York McGraw-Hill. Cumbersome

Phuket Beach Analysis Essay Example for Free

Phuket rim Analysis EssayStatement of the Problem Should the management of Phuket strand go back accept the offer do by artificial satelliteKaraoke Pub to set up an outlet inside the hotel or should the managementoperate a public house, brim Karaoke Pub, by itself? II. Case Background microphone Campbell, General Manager of Phuket Beach Hotel is considering an offermade by Planet Karaoke Pub, a fast expanding company, which is looking for avenue in Patong beach area for setting up another outlet.The Board of Directorsof the establishment had previously spurned several old offers because it offers offset return on enthronement. The billet was located on the second floor of the main building and was verymuch under-utilised. Planat Karaoke Pub offered to sign a four-year leaseagreement with the hotel for rip part of the unused space. It proposed topaya. a monthly rental fee of 170,000 baht for the first two old age andb. thereafter, a 5% increment for the next two year s. Planet Karaoke Pub required only 70% of the unused space measuring 3,000 sq. feet.This would allow the hotel to keep the remaining space for the creation of analley two years later. Mike Campbell is contemplating on creating a pub operated by the managementof the hotel itself since such establishments attract a lot of customers andtourists. Mike Campbell sought the assistance of Kornkrit Manming, the hotels FinancialController to review the offer from Planet Karaoke Pub and estimating revenuesand cost associated with an alternative project, Beach Karaoke Pub. III. Objectives With the given two alternatives on hand, this case aims toa. ome up with a concrete recommendation to the board of directorsof Phuket Beach Resort of which of the two alternatives will offer a higherreturn on investmentb. determine if operating a pub in the hotel, whether by a third party orby management, will be a good investment on the part of the hotel. c. compute for the relevant cashflows associated with each projects?The 25% fear factor is applied on the projected annual net room revenuerepresenting 50% of the pub revenue 50% from hotel guests. . Overhead expenses allocated to the Planet Karaoke Pub project amountingto 55,000 baht and 16% of sales representing salaries for the Beach KaraokePub project are considered irrelevant costs since these costs will not differbetween alternatives. Both are allocated costs. 5. The weighted average cost of capital is 10. 75% computed using 10%interest rate and 12% hotel owners cost of equity on its capital structureconsisting of 25% debt and 75% equity respectively. The cost of equity isassumed to be after tax. 6. All payments and inflows assumed to have been made at the end of theyear.The two projects have unequal lives Planet Karaoke Pub to run for 4 yearswhile Beach Karaoke Pub to run for 6 years. 8. It was envisaged that the proposed pub would not affect the hotels futureexpansion plans. 9. The existing system rank projects according to their average return oninvestment and payback period, regardless to the time value of money. 10. Similar development proposals had been rejected by the board because itrequired a long payback period. Other proposals were also discarded due toits low return on investment.

Consumer Behaviour-Travel and Tourism Essay Example for Free

Consumer Behaviour-Travel and tourism EssayI want to do this Whats This? .. . suitcases image by Alexander Ivanov from Fotolia. com Many factors influence decease and tourism consumer behavior. As of 2010, the global travel industry contributed 9. 2 percent of the worlds total gross domestic product, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council. People travel for work, to visit family and friends and for pleasure. When it comes to making choices rough where and how to travel, multiple factors influence travel and tourism consumer behavior. planetary Economy. Travel is often seen as a luxury, and when people are earning less or worried ab disclose earning less, they may eliminate travel from their budgets. As the world economy struggled in 2009 and into 2010, the travel industry suffered along with new(prenominal) businesses. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, global travel and tourism was down tight 5 percent in 2009, specifically due to a struggling eco nomy. Still, as the economy bounces back, the tourism industry will as well. The World Travel and Tourism Council predicts a 3.2 percent harvest in the travel and tourism industry in 2011. Internet and Social Media Consumers have instant access to reviews and opinions about travel spots and accommodations around the world, as well as airlines, car rental agencies and other related travel companies. More and more, people turn to the Internet to research potential trips and seek out bargains. Thus, the Internet and social media bottom influence consumers travel choices. According to The Digital letter, reviews on sites like TripAdvisor can make or break a destination. Prospective travelers can read reviews and find out if others gear up the hotel to be clean and the staff courteous, or if the service they will receive is worthy of their time and money. The Digital Letter points out that travelers can learn everything they want to k at present about a destination in a matter of mi nutes on sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Google. While a businesss website can also play a factor in consumer choice, if independent online reviews arent consistent with the companys claims, travelers are likely to make a different selection.Personal Budgets Even with a bad economy, some people still need or want to travel. In 2010, savvy travelers have many ways to find deals online and cut their costs earlier heading out the door. Airlines offer online specials for discount flights and last-minute trips, and companies such as Kayak exist alone to gather the best travel deals on the Internet into one place, so shoppers can compare prices. Travelers no longer need to rely on the standard price for transportation or accommodations. They may now make their travel choices based solely on price. .

Assess the view that the positions of men Essay Example for Free

Assess the view that the positions of men EssayOver the departed few decades the roles of men and women shake diversityd drastically. These changes occur throughout society, inside a family or in a relationship. In the sometime(prenominal), the or so common relationship between the two genders would have been very different, with the men being viewed as more than than masculine and of higher authority, whereas the women of a society would have been viewed to have a stay at shell role, where they would look after children and participate in household chores. During the 1900s women were seen a minority, where the slightest amount of freedom would have been frowned upon.Nonetheless over the years, as we have developed, so have the different role for both genders, this direct consists of sharing jobs equally in a household and around a workplace. The most obvious change within a family would be the amount of work the couple share, both in the household and outdoors of it . Since the 1960, where the civil rights act was released, it detailed that women were now able to work and should be offered equal opportunities as men, whereas in the past that would have been forbidden.Due to this seismic change, women are now able to provide for themselves, which in the past would have been extremely difficult as they would have essentially been dependent on their partners income. Gershuny, a famous sociologist, said that women who work exuberant time would do less of the municipal compass jobs around the house. However statistics show this is incorrect. Women who work full time tend to still do 73% of the household chores, leavening only 27% to the men, who may or may not work full time. An equally significant aspect of this change would be the commercialisation of society today.Commercialisation of society is be as the new technologies that have been introduced into todays world in point to allow introductory household chores, which would have sweep ups several hours to do, to be completed within a few hours. The commercialisation of grassroots household necessities smasheds that couples still have time to work and spend time with each other. For women, supermarket intellectual nourishment products means they dont have to spend hours cooking and preparing food for the family. This would also mean, washing costume now has become much easier due to the washing machine appliance.Due to this significant improvement, the hours of domestic hollow on a woman has decreased a great deal. In spite of this, the commercialisation of products wouldnt apply to everyone. Working class families or women would be able to afford such expensive items, all the same this doesnt quite apply to poorer women and hence they would suffer with longer hours of household chores. This also doesnt take into account who uses these appliances women still load and unload the dishwasher, or wash clothes. Despite having these appliances, it doesnt necessarily mean these jobs are equally shared the majority of women still complete them.Consequently, men and women are now become more equal when it comes to making decisions as a family. In the past men were off more authority and hence they were the ones that made the more substantial decisions. Stephen Edgell did a study in 1980 which showed that very important decisions were commonly taken by men, important decisions were usually taken jointly however rarely by the wife alone, and lastly less important decisions were usually made by the wife alone. This has changed considerably over the years since the decisions are now shared equally.Pooling (where the couple have access to income and joint responsibility) has add-ond from 19% to 50% on the other hand, allowance system (where men give their wives and allowance as a weekly budget) has decreased significantly from 36% to 12%. This shows a clear indication of how the roles have changed, although the increase for pooling was very flyspec k, we can judge that in conclusion role result get even. Moreover, we can see from the past that men and women were given gender scripts. Men were seen to be masculine and of higher standard thus they would work.This was oftentimes referred to as the instrumental role, where men were the providers. Women were viewed as having a role solely in the house where they would do household chores. This was often referred to as the expressive role, where women were the homemakers. Nonetheless this can be argued with the concept of homosexual couples. For exemplification within a lesbian couple, they wouldnt have suited gender scripts and hence would have to perform roles equally. Also the idea that now a days men arent the only providers within a family, women also work and hence can provide for themselves as well as their family.Having considered those points, there are many things to suggest things still need a lot of time in order to improve and become slightly equal. A concept that could argue the progress over the years would be the idea of dual burden which explains the roles women take upon themselves, or in other words are anticipate to take. Many feminists believe women are now doing two shifts, one at work which is paid work, and eventually returning home to do unpaid work. They believe men benefit from both works, as they tempt a steady income as well as a clean house. Some also cite that women do three shifts, also called the triple shift.This is described as emotional work which is role which is usually related to women. Women have an extra unpaid shift where they return home to take care of the nap of the family, also called as the labour of love. Subsequently, it seems convincing to me that although roles have changed over the years, the change itself is very little because the roles within a family still arent as equal. Despite having the same job opportunities, the job of domestic labour in a household are far from equal. Nonetheless I believ e roles will eventually change one day where they will be close to equal. However I value roles will never be fully equal.

Load Shedding Essay Example for Free

Load Shedding EssayAs far as battalion are concerned, e very angiotensin-converting enzyme in Karachi and outside Karachi is just fed up of the catastrophic conditions of laden withdraw. It leaves a very drastic impact over the minds of the people suffering from load shedding but on impertinent this load shedding, very quietly and nicely played its role in bringing people side by side(predicate) and increasing the socialization, without the use of any telecommunication medium. Load shedding has much more benefits which can non be presented on the fore and can not be considered as a benefit because on whole the load shedding is considered to be the worst process people had to pass through. Some other benefits of load shedding includes the rest in this hustling bustling world .people living(a) in such world do not have conviction for themselves they live their life only for the sake of money.They just work like a machine, primaeval rising 9 to 5 job then part time business , dinner with family, early to bed to rise up again early. In such routine life men hinder him and lost him somewhere in this life .He had no time for himself, load shedding provides that leisure time to him to think for himself. A 19 years old teenager rise up at 7 o clock after breakfast leaves for the high school then after the routine time he goes to tuition or any sort of part time job to earn his living or to get for his semester fees.Then he came back to his home by almost 9p.m just erase the dinner and get ready for chatting but as soon as he reaches the pc the vindicated went off and he eventually decided to visit any of his friend near his house .then that one hour or more than an hour is the only time which aware him of the happening near to him. Although he was aware of what is happening in America or in Islamabad court but unmindful(predicate) of his neighbor conditions .hence the load shedding provides a Muslim the time to perform his duties for his neighbor as p ositively charged by Islam.

Notes on History of Dhammapada Essay Example for Free

Notes on History of Dhammapada Essay fit to Wikipedia, Dhammapada is the or so famous book of the Tipitakas. It is also the book that has been translated into English and other(a) languages more times than any other book in Buddhist literature. According to Ven. K Sri Dhammananda (1988), the founder of Sudharma Buddhist Institute, Dhammapada (literally meaning The Words of fairness or The Path of Noble Truth) consists of 423 verses in Pali uttered by the Buddha on some 305 occasions for the usefulness of a wide range of human beings. These sayings were selected and compiled into one book as being worthy of picky note on account of their beauty and relevance for molding the lives of future generations of Buddhists. It is also surprising that concord to Britannica Encyclopedia, Dhammapada is accepted both in Theravada Buddhism and in Mahayana Buddhism although there is a difference in the number of verses in the two versions. However, according to Encarta Encyclopedia, the m ost translated version is that of Theravada.The muniment of Dhammapada is also not so different in both branches of Buddhism. The entitle Buddha diachronicly had to go round the northern India and Nepal preaching his Dhamma, meeting many people. According to the prescribed text book (Module no. A -Ya 2004) of the second year university students specializing Oriental Studies in Myanmar ), the Lord Buddha preached his Dhamma ( guides and sermons for the cessation of all the sufferings) both in the form of speech called cunniya and occasionally in poetically knowledgeable form called gatha.According to Ohn Myint , Daw (2004), the verses uttered by the Lord Buddha had been compiled by 500 Buddhist elderly Arahants in Rajaghyo, India, in the First Dhamma Council (Pathama Sangayana) in 483 BC. Venerable Buddhagosa, the most famous commentary author in Theravada Buddhism, wrote the commentary of Dhammapada named Dhammapada Atthakatha in Sri Lanka. In his commentary book, Ven. Buddha G osa, studying thoroughly from the elderly monks and old canons, noted the historical basiss of the verses in Pali Language.In this book, he told the story of each verses including whom theses verses were uttered by Buddha for, where, how, when and why these verses were uttered by Lord Buddha and so on. According to Subhodha Lankara, a famous Buddhist Literary Guide throughout the history of Buddhism, the verses in Dhammapada and Buddhist Literature are composed and uttered by systematic rules of rhythm, rhyme and meter.Moreover, Thanissaro Bhikkhu (1997) writes as follows As the Buddha himself is quoted as saying, Meter is the structural framework of verses. According to Goinka S. N, the founder of Vissapana Research Institute in India, verses in Dhammapada were just orally handed down at outgrowth before the fourth Dhamma Council held in Tambapai Sri Lanka in 29 B. C in which all of the Buddhist Scriptures were recorded on written forms on palm leaves. According to the Commentary of Dhammapada by Ven Buddhagosa, these verses are intentionally uttered in accordance with the listeners background knowledge, their social backgrounds, and the situations in order to enlighten their mind.As soon as the Lord uttered the verses, Ananda, the elect attendant and constant companion of the Buddha during the last twenty-five years of his life. memorized it and handed down again to the other monks and people. According to Mahaparinibana Sutta in the first book of Suttanna Pitaka named Mahavagga, after the Lord passed into the nirvana ( His death), the senior Buddhist monks met unneurotic and held the First Buddhist Council in order to preserve the holy teachings of the Lord Buddha. In the council, all of the Buddhas teachings were dissever into three parts.According to Goenka, S,N (1999), the founder of Vipassana Research Institute in India , the first part is known as the Vinaya Pitaka and it contains all the rules which Buddha laid down for monks and nuns.. The second part is called the Suttanna Pitaka and it contains the Discourses. The third part is known as the Abhidhamma Pitaka and comprises the psycho-ethical teachings of the Buddha. The first pitaka is Suttanna pitaka and it is divided into five parts according to the length and form of the discourses.The poetical verses that the Lord uttered were compiled into a book named Dhammapada. Dhammapada is included in the first part of Suttanna Pitaka named Khuddhakanikaya ( Short Discourses). According to Daw Ohn Myint, Professor of the incision of Oriental Studies, Yangon University of Distance Education ( 2004), throughout the history of Buddhism, Dhammapada has been studied and memorized by Buddhist monks. Even straight off in Sri Lanka, the novices who want to be transformed into monkhood have to memorize all the verses in Dhammapada as a compulsory skill.

Eastern Religion Hinduism Essay Example for Free

Eastern Religion Hinduism EssayHinduism Hinduism has no single prophet nor one god to worship rather they have many metaphors for the gods. Hinduism has no beginning, founder, no fundamental authority, and no organization. Hindus believe in one supreme being who has unlimited forms. Some of the central principles of the Hindus is the idea of reincarnation, in which, is the doctrine of transmigration and rebirth the idea is universal in India. The other two beliefs argon the spiritual goal and the caste musical arrangement. The holy texts are the Veda, the Upanishads and theBhagavad-Grita The practices of the Hindus are the Puja in which is the prayer in the crime syndicate or in the temple but it is mostly in home since the religion is very oft concern with everything around life. The ceremonial practices usually take in community centers. There are terzetto important events in ones life according to the Hindus, birth, marriage and death.Buddhism Buddhism was born in the Kingdom of Sakyas, which is now the butt against between India and Nepal. Scholars disagree on the age of birth in which it is between 563 368 B.C.E. Some of the beliefs of Hindus and Buddhism interact much(prenominal) as the idea of reincarnation both agree with the idea of rebirth but Buddhism rejects the caste system and the Veda. Buddha means the enlightened one and it was a title given to the Siddhartha Gautama the founder of Buddhism.Buddha is accepted like the initiation of Jesus Christ that it is accepted through faith and the disciples. It is said that Jesus might have utilise some of the Buddha ideas into his. The central beliefs are the four truths and the eightfold path. The teachings are in the Dhammapada, in English be as words of doctrine, way of truth or the path of truth The practices of Buddhism is a conk out of life including diet, the job, trade or profession, daily meditation and giving offerings at a shrine, temples, or monasteries.Confucianism The beli ef was started in China around the sixth or fifth century B.C.E by Confucius a major(ip) part of the belief is it emphasis on learning and the source of values. The religion has two sets of books the major five classics including I Ching, Shu Chang, Shih Ching, LiChi, and Chun-Chiu.. This religion is more(prenominal) of an ethical movement because it lacks sacraments and liturgy. There are four types of Confucianism schools and marriage and funeral could be done though other religious ministers or priests.Taoism The foundation of Taoism is attributed to Lao Tzu and his writings called the Classic management of Power Taoism is based on the individual and tended to reject the organized society. The key concept is that of non-action or the immanent course of things. It is a direct link to yin and yang. It also obtained many things from the Buddhist perspectives. The central beliefs they dont have prayers because it beliefs in the natural things and that there is no god. They are c ompassionate people and is more near a philosophical movement instead of a religion. The purpose of the rituals is the concern of having immortality and the purpose was to live longer. It is believed that elements of Shamanism, which it is more related. Taoism is based on energy.

Translation Theory Revision Essay Example for Free

explanation Theory Revision EssayTranslation The process of explanation among twain different wordss involves the translator changing an sure text (the source text ST) in the master verbal languages (the source languages SL) in a different verbal language (the target language TL) S. Bassnet def Translation is displacement of a SL text into the TL so as to ensure that 1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar, and 2) the structures of the SL will e carry ond as closely as realizable precisely not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. Susan Basset revealing the same things in a different language in a way that sounds natural, getting the lodge across. Translation types Semiotic classification Intralingual an interpretation of verbal signs by means of separate signs of the same language Interlingual an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Intersemiotic an interpretation of verbal signs by me ans of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Binary classificationsFree commentary translator replaces a favorable, or cultural, reality in the source text with a corresponding reality in the target text Literal rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word. Overt is a TT that does not mean to be an original. The individual text function cannot be tha same for TT and ST since the cultures atomic number 18 different. Covert ST is not cerebrate to the ST culture or audience both ST and TT address their respective receivers transmitly.Domestication vs foreigization translation methods that take the writer toward the reader, i.e. , fluency, and those that move the reader toward the author (domestication) , i. e. , an extreme fidelity to the extraneousness of the source text (foreignization). Documentary (preserve the original exoticizing setting) vs instrumental (adaptation of the setting to the target culture) Text Type TheoryKatharina Reiss. Determine, what kind o f text you are dealings with In systema skeletaleative plain facts (newspaper article) Expressive creative composition (poetry) Operative including behavioural responses (ads) Multi/audio-medial (films or visual/ oral exam ads).Equivalence Dynamic equivalence (also kn witness as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word order, the source texts grammatical voice, and so on ), while workal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, at the expense of natural demonstration in the target language). J. C. Catford A formal correspondent any TL category which van be said to occupy the same place in SL A textual equivalent any TL text or part of text that van be said to be the equivalent of the ST descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) A firmly empirical (kogemuslik) discipline Describes and maps translations Proposes hypotheses as why the translations are like they are Avoids being prescriptive The aim of DTS is to acquire insight into the nature and function of translation as a cultural and historical phenomenon DTS leading figures Gideon Toury, Andre Lefevere Early translation theory Cicero senise-for-sense. Synthesized in Latin Greek philosophers. The founder of Western translation theory. The 1st to comment on the process of translation. Translation serves as the study and imitation of rhetorical models.Free translation that is focused on the meaning. Horace model target orientation. esthetically pleasing and creative translation. Art of Poetry. Quintilian remarks on translations are v much in the Ciceroian tradition. Makes a divergency between metaphrasis successor a single word with a single word paraphrasis replacing a phrase with a phrase. Jerome model translation word of honor latin Vulgate (405. y). Translated sense-for-sense, rather that word-for-word. German love affair individual authors vision. Author i s a creator. Shlegel all writings in act of translationSchleiermacher translator could take the reader along and make him walk with the author or in the other way around.. Word-for-word translation onorthodox view of translation. Herder, Goethe, Humbolt, the Shlegel brothers, Shleiermacher translations of Homeric epics, the Greek tragedies and Shakespeare Emergence of the German tradition as opposed to the French strive for an independent literary culture Goethe 3 stages of translation 1) aquainted us the foreign language in his own terms (Luther Kingss Bible) 2) French tradition use of its own criteria, own rules.3) The same idendity between source and target language. Eugene Nida. Formal equivalence attention to the transfer of center, both form and content Dynamic / functional equivalence seeks the closest natural equivalence for the source language message Principles 1. making sense 2. conveying the spirit and manner of the original 3. having a natural and easy form of e xpression 4. producing a similar response 1. give a bring to pass transcript of the ideas of the original work. 2. spew the style and manner of writing of the original. 3.have all the ease of the original composition. Nidas equivalent install criticized too concerned with the word level difficult or impossible to achieve overly theological Nida differentiates between Linguistic meaning. the meaningful dealinghip between words, phrases and sentences. Referential meaning. the words as symbols which refer to objects, events, abstracts, relations Methods hierarchical structuring, componential analysis, semantic structure analysis Emotive meaning Toury? s norm theory Defines social norms. Preliminary norm concerned with translation policy.The initial norm expressed through operational norms which direct actual decisions made during the translating process. Corpus studies Corpus compurerized collection of documents A token each word as it occurs A type each different wo rd The type-token ratio is a text? s lexical density(tihedus) Postcolonialism Resist domination Emphasis on the impact and significance of translation in a stage setting of political, military, economic and cultural power differentials (vahe) Is characterizied by hybridity (ristandumine) and self-reflection.English theory Early English translation of the Bible prat Wycliffe published Bibles English version (late 14th c). Tried to translate the meaning, but preserve its form. William Tyndale 1525 Bibles German version (Greek) The King James Bible 1611 Bibles English version Early translations of the Bible in English Wycliffe Bible 1380-1384 revised by John Purvey in 1408 . Published Bible English version. Trying to translate the meaning but preserve its form (w-for-w) William Tyndale 1525 (w-for-w) Bishops Bible 1568. The King James Bible the Authorized Version 1604 -1611 John Dryden on translation 1) metaphrase word-for-word 2) paraphrase sense-for-sense 3)imitation abs olute freedom. Tytler 18th c 1) translation should give source language complete context. 2) style and manner should be similar. 3) reader should see it as fluid as original text. Essays on the translations, self-standing thoughts on translations, artistic activity = transl. Edward Fitzgerald Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Persian poetry, imperial attitude.quatrain rhyme scheme AABA Early theory and perform of translation in England draws on two traditions Classical Latin translation, from the Greek Early Christian Latin translation from the Scriptures, the Hebrew, Aramaic King Alfred (871-99) and his policy of translation. Augustines Soliloquies and Gregorys Pastoral Care Gregorys Dialogues the Venerable Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People Benedictine reform a revival of monasticism, ?lfrics homilies a need to educate the uneducated.

Sampling Probability Essay Example for Free

have distri thoion Probability EssayProbability And Non Probability Sampling cultural Studies Essay A probability taste method is any method of try that utilizes some hurl of stochastic selection. In order to start out a hit-or-miss selection method, you moldiness set up some process or procedure that assures that the unalike units in your creation grow equal probabilities of cosmos elect. Humans have long practiced various forms of hit-or-miss selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to engage computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Probability take methods argon those in which all(prenominal) keepsake in the universe has a known chance, or probability of being chosen for adjudicate. This implies that the selection of the consume items is independent of the person making the study that is the sample distribution operation is controlled so objectively t hat the items fork over be chosen strictly at random. Types of probability try out simple-minded Random Sampling The simplexst form of random sampling is c all(prenominal)ed simple random sampling. Neither of these mechanical procedures is very feasible and, with the development of inexpensive computers in that location is a much easier expressive style. Simple random sampling is simple to accomplish and is easy to explain to others. Beca intent simple random sampling is a fair way to select a attempt, it is reason run low to generalize the results from the taste back to the tribe. Simple random sampling is non the nigh statistically efficient method of sampling and you may, just beca physical exertion of the wad of the coax, not get in good personifyation of make outgroups in a nation. To deal with these issues, we have to turn to other sampling methods. arrogant Sampling Stratified Random Sampling, withal sometimes called proportionate or quota random sampling , involves dividing your people into homogeneous subgroups and indeed taking a simple random stress in each subgroup. T here(predicate) atomic number 18 several major reasons why you might prefer tell apart sampling over simple random sampling.First, it assures that you exit be able-bodied to represent not scarce the overall population, but also key subgroups of the population, especially small minority groups. If you want to be able to talk about subgroups, this may be the alone way to effectively assure youll be able to. If the subgroup is extremely small, you can use different sampling fractions within the different strata to randomly over- sample the small group. When weuse the same sampling fraction within strata we atomic number 18 conducting proportionate stratify random sampling. When we use different sampling fractions in the strata, we call this disproportionate stratified random sampling. Second, stratified random sampling ordain generally have more than st atistical precision than simple random sampling. This will only(prenominal) be true if the strata or groups be homogeneous. If they are, we expect that the variability within-groups are lower than the variability for the population as a whole. Stratified sampling capitalizes on that fact. Stratified Sampling For this to work it is essential that the units in the population are randomly ordered, at least with respect to the characteristics you are measuring. For one thing, it is fairly easy to do. You only have to select a single random number to start things off. It may also be more precise than simple random sampling. Finally, in some situations there is simply no easier way to do random sampling.For instance, I once had to do a study that snarly sampling from all the books in a library. Once selected, I would have to go to the shelf, locate the book, and record when it last circulated. I knew that I had a fairly good sampling frame in the form of the shelf dip (which is a card catalogue where the entries are ar positiond in the order they occur on the shelf). To do a simple random sample, I could have estimated the total number of books and generated random numbers to draw the sample. Cluster Sampling The problem with random sampling methods when we have to sample a population thats disbursed across a wide geographic region is that you will have to cover a lot of rationality geographically in order to get to each of the units you sampled. Imagine taking a simple random sample of all the residents of New York State in order to conduct personal interviews. By the luck of the draw you will wind up with respondents who come from all over the state.Your interviewers are going to have a lot of travelling to do. It is for precisely this problem that cluster or area random sampling was invented. In cluster sampling, we follow these steps divide population into clusters (usually along geographic boundaries), randomly sample clusters, and measure all units withi n sampled clusters. Multi Stage Sampling The quaternary methods weve covered so far simple, stratified, and arrogant and cluster are the simplest random sampling strategies. In most real applied social research, we would use sampling methods that are considerably more complex than these simple variations. The most important precept here isthat we can combine the simple methods described earlier in a variety of useful ship canal that help us address our sampling needs in the most efficient and effective expressive style possible. When we combine sampling methods, we call this multi-stage sampling. Non probability SamplingNon probability sampling methods are those, which do not provide every item in the universe with a known chance of being include in the sample. The selection process is to some extent The difference between non probability and probability sampling is that non probability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does. Does that mean tha t non probability samples arent representative of the population? Not necessarily. But it does mean that non probability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory. At least with a probabilistic sample, we know the odds or probability that we have represented the population well. We are able to estimate confidence intervals for the statistic. With non probability samples, we may or may not represent the population well, and it will frequently be hard for us to know how well weve done so.In general, detectives prefer probabilistic or random sampling methods over non probabilistic ones, and consider them to be more accurate and rigorous. However, in applied social research there may be circumstances where it is not feasible, practical or theoretically sensible to do random sampling. Here, we consider a wide range of non probabilistic alternatives. We can divide non probability sampling methods into two broad types accidental or goal-directed. nigh sampling meth ods are purposive in nature because we usually approach the sampling problem with a specific plan in mind. The most important distinctions among these types of sampling methods are the ones between the different types of purposive sampling approaches. Types of non probability samplingAccidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling One of the most commonalty methods of sampling goes at a lower place the various titles listed here. I would include in this category the traditional man on the street (of course, now its probably the person on the street) interviews conducted frequently by television news programs to get a quick (although non representative) reading of public opinion. I would also reason out that the typical use ofcollege savants in much psychological research is primarily a matter of convenience. In clinical practice, we might use clients who are available to us as our sample. In many research contexts, we sample simply by enquireing for volunteers. Clearly, the proble m with all of these types of samples is that we have no evidence that they are representative of the populations were interested in generalizing to and in many cases we would clearly suspect that they are not.Purposive Sampling In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We usually would have one or more specific predefined groups we are seeking. They coat up the people passing by and anyone who looks to be in that category they stop to subscribe to if they will participate. One of the first things theyre likely to do is verify that the respondent does in fact play the criteria for being in the sample. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where you need to croak a fair gameed sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. With a purposive sample, you are likely to get the opinions of your prat population, but you are also likely to overweight subgroups in your population that are more readily accessible. For eac h type of sampling give the advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and Disadvantages of Probability samplingSimple Random SamplingAdvantagesIt is easy to implementIt requires a listing of population element.Since selection of its items in the sample depends on change there is no possibility of personal bias affecting the result. As compared to savvy sampling a random sample represents the universe in a better way. As the size of the sample increases, it becomes increasingly representative of the population. The analyst can easily assess the accuracy of the estimates because sampling errors follows the principle of chance. The theory of random sampling is further developed than that of any type of sampling, which enables the researcher to provide the most reliable information at least cost. DisadvantagesThe use of simple random sampling necessitates a entirely catalogueduniverse from which to draw the sample. That is it uses large sample size. The size of the sample requires ensu ring the statistical reliability is usually under random sampling rather than stratified. From the point of view of field report it has been claimed that the cases selected by random sampling tend to be too widely dispersed geographically and that the time and the cost of collecting entropy becomes very large. It produces large errors.Random sampling may produce the most non random looking results. Systematic SamplingAdvantagesIt is simple to design and convenient to adopt.It is easier to use than simple random samplingIt is easy to narrow sampling distributionLess expensive than random sampling.The time and work twisting in sampling by this method are relatively less. The result obtained are found to be generally copasetic provided care is taken to see that there are no periodic features associated with the sampling intervals. If the population are sufficiently large, systematic sampling can often be expected to yield results similar to those obtained by proportional stratifie d sampling. DisadvantagesUsing intervals may squeeze the sample and the result.If the population list has a take aim trend a bias estimate will result from the starting point. The main issue is that it becomes less representatives if the analyst is dealing with populations having hidden periodic that is not all the elements are known. Stratified SamplingAdvantagesThe researcher control the sample size in each groupIncrease efficiencyIt is more representative as population is first divided into various strata and then sample is drawn from each stratum. therefrom there is little chance that any essential group of the population is being completely excluded. there is greater accuracy as each stratum will consist of uniform or self-colored items. DisadvantagesProvide data to represent and analyse sub groups.Increase error in reason if sub group are selected at different rate. It is expensive because it is widely distributed geographically and the sample costs per comment are high . If the sample is not homogeneous the result may not be reliable. It requires assistance of consummate sampling supervisors.Cluster SamplingAdvantagesIt provides a unilateral estimate of population.It is more efficientIt is easy to do without population unit.It enables each sub division of the population to be used at various stages and permits the fieldwork to be more concentrated. It is valuable in surveys of underdeveloped areas.Can be cheaper than other methods e.g. fewer travel expenses, administration costs DisadvantagesIt is more error prone.Higher sampling error, which can be expressed in the questionable design effect, the ratio between the number of presents in the cluster study and the number of subjects in an equally reliable, randomly sampled unclustered study. Multi Stage SamplingAdvantagesThe main purpose of the creation and present-day use of multi-stage sampling is ti avoid the problems of randomly sampling from a population that is larger than the researcher s re ascendants can handle. Multi-stage sampling gives researchers with limited coin and time a method to sample from such populations. This sampling procedure in essence is a way to reduce the population by sunburnting it up into smaller groups, which then can be the subject of random sampling. As long as the groups have low between-group variance, this form of sampling is a legitimate way to simplify the population. The multi-stage form of sampling is flexible in many senses. First, it allows researchers to employ random sampling or cluster sampling after the determination of groups. Second, researchers can employmulti-stage sampling indefinitely to break down groups and subgroups into smaller groups until the researcher reaches the desired type or size of groups. Last, there are no restrictions on how researchers divide the population into groups/ This allows a large number of possibilities for methods of convenience, the maximization or minimisation of variance or interpretabi lity. DisadvantagesThe flexibility of multi-stage sampling is a double-edged sword. Because of the lack of restrictions on the decision processes involved in choosing groups, multi-stage sampling has a level of subjectivity. Thus, there will always be questions as to whether the chosen groups were optimal. Researchers must find a way to justify their choices when presenting the studys findings. Due to the fact that multi-stage sampling cuts out portions of the population from the study, the studys findings can never be 100% representative of the population. Even though the theory of multi-stage sampling is to snap on the within-group variance and de-emphasize the between-group variance (which should be minimized), there is no way to know if the demographics cut from the study could have provided any useful information to the researchers. (http//www.ehow.com/info_8544049_advantages-disadvantages-multistage-sampling.htmlixzz27Sqmq8C8) Advantages and Disadvantages of Non probability s ampling (Non Random Sampling) Convenience SamplingAdvantagesConvenience samples are cheap.Convenience samples can be used to intervene to satisfy dissatisfied customers. A key, often forgotten aspect of probability sampling is its dependence on external selection inviting and then repeatedly reminding people to take a survey, which helps ensure representativeness. Putting a survey postcard with every bill presented at a restaurant is a convenience sample, since there is no follow-up and boost to take the survey no true external selection. And in such cases dissatisfied customers are often more likely to complete such surveys the survey does provide an opportunity to hear from such customers and ask them for contact information in order to take action to improve their satisfaction. Convenience samplescan provide rich qualitative information. When illustrative quotes are important, surveys to convenience samples can be a great source of rich verbatim comments on specific topics. The survey can also provide detailed demographic profiles to shed further light on the comments. Convenience samples may provide accurate correlations. Some argue that correlation research is accurate enough with convenience samples, since the study is not of proportions of the target audience but of the relationship between variables. DisadvantagesConvenience samples do not produce representative results. If you need to extrapolate to the target population, convenience samples arent going to get you there. The natural tendency is to extrapolate from convenience samples. The tendency when apply convenience samples is to treat the results as representative, even though they are not. Many people do not understand the theoretical underpinnings of probability sampling and treat any survey results as accurate representations of the target audience. While mainstream media outlets often will not publicize the results of surveys that used convenience samples, small media organizations often wi ll, without describing the methodological analysis as a convenience sample. The results of convenience samples are hard to replicate. If you analyze the results of a convenience survey by list source, you will often find dramatic differences in the answers from the different lists, often in ways that confound easy explanation Quota SamplingQuota sampling is evently useful when you are uneffective to obtain a probability sample, but you are still trying to create a sample that is as representative as possible of the population being studied. In this respect, it is the non-probability based equivalent of the stratified random sample. Unlike probability sampling techniques, especially stratified random sampling, quota sampling is much faster and easier to carry out because it does not require a sampling frame and the strict use of random sampling techniques (i.e. probability sampling techniques). This makes quota sampling popular in undergraduate and masters level dissertations wher e there is a need to divide the population being studied into strata (groups).The quota sample improves the representation of particular strata (groups) within thepopulation, as well as ensuring that these strata are not over-represented. For example, it would ensure that we have sufficient masculine students taking part in the research (60% of our sample size of 100 hence, 60 masculine students). It would also make sure we did not have more than 60 male students, which would result in an over-representation of male students in our research. The use of a quota sample, which leads to the stratification of a sample (e.g. male and female students), allows us to more easily compare these groups (strata). Disadvantages of quota samplingIn quota sampling, the sample has not been chosen using random selection, which makes it unaccepted to determine the possible sampling error. Indeed, it is possible that the selection of units to be included in the sample will be based on ease of access and cost considerations, resulting in sampling bias. It also mean that it is not possible to make generalisations (i.e. statistical inferences) from the sample to the population. This can lead to problems of external validity. Also, with quota sampling it must be possible to clearly divide the population into strata that is, each unit from the population must only belong to one stratum.In our example, this would be fairly simple, since our strata are male and female students. Clearly, a student could only be classified as either male or female. No student could fit into both categories (ignoring transgender issues). Furthermore, imagine extending the sampling requirements such that we were also interested in how career goals changed depending on whether a student was an undergraduate or postgraduate. Since the strata must be mutually exclusive, this means that we would need to sample four strata from the population undergraduate males, undergraduate females, postgraduate males, an d postgraduate females. This will increase overall sample size required for the research, which can increase costs and time to carry out the research Purposive or Judgemental SamplingThe advantages of Judgment sampling areLower cost of samplingLesser time involved in the processA select number of people who are known to be relate to the topic are part of the study which means that there are lesser chances of having people whowill distort the data Good method for pretesting instruments like questionnaires.Some disadvantages areIt can be subject to experimenters bias and stereotypes that may distort the results. The group selected may not represent all the populationIt might not be possible to accurately identify the sample using this method in case the population is very large.